Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting from the April 25, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence

Collins, Brian D.; Jibson, Randall W.

doi:10.3133/ofr20151142

Cited by 126 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Globally, landslides are increasingly causing adverse impacts on people, economy and the environment [1][2][3]. These impacts are likely to increase as people continue to encroach and settle close to unstable slopes.…”

Section: Global Regional and Local Overview Of Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Landslides in Tanzania

Ja¹,

Kervyn²

2017

J Ecosyst Ecogr

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This paper intended to inventorize the occurrence of landslides in Tanzania in temporal and spatial terms. Specifically, the inventory focused on identifying areas in Tanzania which are prone to landslides, identifying the frequency of landslide occurrence in the country, identifying the underlying and triggering factors for landslides, the socio-economic impacts of landslides and assessing the people's perception of landslides in Tanzania. Identification and mapping of landslide was achieved through the use primary and secondary sources of information. Primary data was acquired through exploratory field visit to the 5 landslide scars in the north and south Pare Mountains in the northern highlands of Tanzania. Short discussion with local people in the areas was made to gain insights into their perception of landslides. Secondary data was acquired through the review of achieved sources. This review was made in respect of the landslides that were not covered by the aforementioned exploratory field visit. The EM-DAT was also used to provide information on the number of landslide events, fatalities and socio-economic impacts. Google Earth™ search and image interpretation were used to located and describe landslides in other regions of the country that were not covered by the aforementioned exploratory field study. A 90 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from USGS for Tanzania was used to map the landslide scars identified through Google Earth search. Google Earth search and image interpretation were supported by secondary information from archived sources. The inventory noted that landslides in Tanzania have received relatively limited attention both in the literature and in government disaster management plans. With exception of studies conducted in Uluguru Mountain in 1970s, no formal landslide research has been made in recent years. Despite extensive web searches, no landslide inventory has been made in Tanzania. This may presumably be due to existing assumption that landslides in Tanzania have low frequency of occurrence and are localized compared to other disasters such as floods, epidemics and drought, whose occurrence affect many more people, drawing more community, government and media attention. This has thus, affected the way landslide events are reported and managed in the country. This assertion however, does not preclude the fact that one/few landslide events, depending on their magnitude, where they occur and nature of elements at risk, can affect significant number of people and vice versa. This inventory has also documented cultural perspectives on landslides. Care must be taken to incorporate appropriate indigenous knowledge and people's perception pertaining to landslides and other disasters as these are critical in designing and implementing culturallyinformed and low cost disaster management strategies. This may, in turn, obviate the need or reduce cost for early warning systems. Landslide information provided by some reviewed sources is limited in time and space. Most of the visi...

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Section: Global Regional and Local Overview Of Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Landslides in Tanzania

Ja¹,

Kervyn²

2017

J Ecosyst Ecogr

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“…In addition, the collateral damage and disruption caused by landslides substantially inhibit short-and medium-term relief efforts by blocking or destroying transport corridors and communications (Bird and Bommer, 2004;Pellicani et al, 2014;Robinson et al, 2015). The assessment of landslide extent and impacts, beyond direct observations on the ground (Collins and Jibson, 2015;Tiwari et al, 2017), relies on the following three approaches: (1) empirical modeling, which uses a combination of pre-earthquake topographic data and information on ground motion and shaking intensity; (2) manual landslide mapping; and (3) automated landslide mapping. The last two use post-earthquake airborne or satellite remote sensing.…”

Section: Mapping Landslides After Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…systematic reconnaissance of the affected area is Systematic flights may follow, enabling more targeted challenging, and it is unlikely that protocols for mapping and extensive coverage (e.g., USGS/GEER response impacts are in place at this time. Landslide assessment is described in Collins and Jibson, 2015), as well as unlikely to be the sole purpose of such initial flights, and analysis of failure evolution or reactivation if an area is so systematic data collection is unlikely. Accuracy in revisited.…”

Section: Recommended Approach To Manual Mapping Using Optical Imagerymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes

Williams

Rosser

Kincey

et al. 2018

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Landslides triggered by large earthquakes in mountainous regions contribute significantly to overall earthquake losses and pose a major secondary hazard that can persist for months or years. While scientific investigations of coseismic landsliding are increasingly common, there is no protocol for rapid (hours-to-days) humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and what is useful to compile immediately after the event. Drawing on the 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated. We find that, at present, many forms of landslide assessment are too slow to generate relative to the speed of a humanitarian response, despite increasingly rapid access to high-quality imagery. Importantly, the value of information on landslides evolves rapidly as a disaster response develops, so identifying the purpose, timescales, and end users of a post-earthquake landslide assessment is essential to inform the approach taken. It is clear that discussions are needed on the form and timing of landslide assessments, and how best to present and share this information, before rather than after an earthquake strikes. In this paper, we share the lessons learned from the Gorkha earthquake, with the aim of informing the approach taken by scientists to understand the evolving landslide hazard in future events and the expectations of the humanitarian community involved in disaster response.

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“…Blue and red vectors represent observed and ESISTEM-derived displacements, respectively. Red dashed lines outline the zones with significant landslides [2], and grey circles show distribution of landslide [11]. Thick black lines represent the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

Luo

Chen

2016

Remote Sensing

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Three-dimensional surface displacement field associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake is derived from an integration of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, with an extended SISTEM (Simultaneous and Integrated Strain Tensor Estimation From Geodetic and Satellite Deformation Measurements) approach (ESISTEM) proposed in this study. In ESISTEM approach, both surrounding InSAR and GPS measurements can be used as constraints in deriving surface displacements; while only surrounding GPS measurements are used in SISTEM approach. Besides the constraints from surrounding GPS measurements, the ESISTEM approach makes surrounding InSAR measurements available for constraining the derived deformations based on surface elastic theory for the first time. From the north to the south, derived surface displacement field shows prevailing southward horizontal deformations, and gradually varied vertical deformations ranging from´0.95 to 1.40 m within 120 km to the north of Kathmandu. This reveals that ruptures of Main Himalayan thrust (MHT) system were confined in subsurface and did not propagate to the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) fault, in accordance with field investigation as well as geodetic and seismic studies. Relation between vertical deformations and earthquake-induced landslides is briefly discussed.

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Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting from the April 25, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence

Cited by 126 publications

References 10 publications

Review of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Landslides in Tanzania

Review of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Landslides in Tanzania

Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

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