Assessment of exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the population of Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

Human exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PER) through air, food and drinking water was assessed by biological monitoring. By stratified sampling 39 subjects with no known solvent exposure were selected from the residents of the city of Zagreb (the capital of the Republic of Croatia). TRI and PER were determined in blood and their metabolites trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in plasma and urine. Drinking water samples were also taken for TRI and PER determination. TRI was present in measurable concentrations in 22 subjects (range: 0.026-0.090 micrograms/l) and PER in 31 subjects (range: 0.031-2.540 micrograms/l). TCE was not detected in any of the samples, while TCA was determined in all plasma (range: 13.54-160.42 micrograms/l) and urine samples (range: 1.64-291.76 micrograms/24h). In drinking water samples TRI and PER values were also in a very wide range: 0.69-35.90 micrograms/l and 0.36-7.80 micrograms/l, respectively. The variation of all results presented is most probably a reflection of the different environmental contamination with TRI and PER in the different city areas.

Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid

“…Because dry-cleaning shops are found on most street corners in urban areas, non-occupational exposure of the general public to TETRA may also take place (Popp et al 1992;Aggazzotti et al 1994). Furthermore, TETRA pollution of ground water (Kido et al 1989) and even drinking water (Skender et al 1993(Skender et al , 1994 has been reported.…”

“…Accordingly, the application of biological monitoring to assess TETRA exposure was not limited to occupational health (Ikeda et al 1972;Ikeda and Imamura 1973;Weichardt and Lindner 1975;Ikeda 1977;Lauwerys et al 1983;Ghittori et al 1987;Imbriani et al 1988;Solet et al 1990), but was expanded to include environmental health activities (Hajimiragha et al 1986;Kido et al 1989;Popp et al 1992;Skender et al 1993Skender et al , 1994.…”

Trichlorethen, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2011]

“…Die mittleren Gehalte von Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen im Trinkwasser wurden mit 1,30 lg Chloroform/L, 0,02 lg Tetrachlormethan/L, 0,04 lg 1,1,1-Trichlorethan/L, 0,25 lg Trichlorethen/L und 0,14 lg Tetrachlorethen/L angegeben. Skender et al (1993) untersuchten die Trichlorethen-und Tetrachlorethenkonzentrationen im Blut sowie die TCA-Konzentration im Plasma und Urin von 39 Personen aus Zagreb. Für die TCA-Ausscheidung im Urin wurde ein Median von 28,59 lg/24 h und ein 95.…”

“…Seit dieser Zusammenstellung sind weitere Arbeiten publiziert worden, die zum einen über Expositionsexperimente mit niedrigeren Belastungen durch Trichlorethen (Chiu et al 2007;Laparé et al1995) und zum anderen über Ergebnisse aus arbeitsmedizinischen Felduntersuchungen (Green et al 2004) berichten. Auch liegen mehrere Untersuchungen zur Ausscheidung von Trichloressigsäure von beruflich nicht belasteten Personen vor (Calafat et al 2003;Hajimiragha et al 1986;Skender et al 1993;Weisel et al 1999;Ziglio et al 1985), die für die Evaluierung eines BAR herangezogen werden können. Chiu et al (2007) führten an sieben Probanden inhalative Expositionsexperimente mit 1 mL Trichlorethen bzw.…”

Determinação espectrofotométrica e cromatográfica em fase gasosa de ácido tricloracético em urina

“…No Brasil, a NR-7 propõe a determinação dos triclocompostos totais (TCT) na urina (colhida no final da semana de trabalho) e analisados como TCA através de método espectrofotométrico, na monitorização da exposição ocupacional ao tricloretano 18 . Ainda que exista grande variação interindividual, esse indicador biológico de dose interna integra a exposição da semana, permitindo a avaliação da exposição ocupacional 6,14,15,23,27,28,30,33,34 . As técnicas mais empregadas na quantificação do TCA são a espectrofotometria do visível 10,12,17,24,25,32 e cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG) 3,5,7,22,26,31,35,36 .…”