Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid

Abstract

Blood TETRA is the best marker of occupational exposure to TETRA, being superior to the traditional marker, urinary TCA.

Toluene, xylenes and xylene isomers in urine as biological indicators of low-level exposure to each solvent; a comparative study

“…A similar calculation for XYLs (for which 50 ppm=217 mg/m 3 ) gave 1,085 lg/min for the lung absorption and 0.0531 lg/min for urinary excretion, and therefore a rate of 0.0049%. The two rates indicate that very minor portions of absorbed TOL and XYLs are excreted unmetabolized in urine, as is the case for chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloroform (Mizunuma et al 1995) and tetrachloroethylene (Furuki et al 2000). A similar result can be expected for EB because water solubility of EB is only slightly lower than that of XYLs (Table 6), but no quantitative estimation was made due to technical difficulties in obtaining necessary data as discussed above.…”

“…Among the biological materials, urine is of particular interest to this group (e.g., Mizunuma et al 1995;Kawai et al 1997;Furuki et al 2000) because the validity of toluene in urine as a toluene-exposure indicator is almost comparable with that in blood (Kawai et al 1996), and the collection of a urine sample is more readily accepted by the subject of examination than blood-sample drawing.…”

Estimating perchlorate exposure from food and tap water based on US biomonitoring and occurrence data

“…Residing near dry-cleaning facilities or storing recently dry-cleaned clothes at home can contribute to increased blood tetrachloroethene levels (Begerow et al, 1996;Popp et al, 1992). In contrast, tetrachloroethene blood levels in occupationally exposed workers have been reported to be many thousand times higher than the unexposed general population (Begerow et al, 1996;Furuki et al, 2000;Monster et al, 1983). The occupational biological exposure index associated with an 8-hour exposure of 25 ppm is 500 μg/L tetrachloroethene in blood (ACGIH, 2007).…”

Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Volatile Organohalogen Solvents (VOXs) in Human Urine Samples of Dry-cleaner Workers by TLHS-DAI-GC-ECD Procedure

“…Dichloromethane, chloroform and tetrachloroethene (also known also as tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene) are chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents widely employed in industry as degreasing agents 6) and are even more commonly used for the dry-cleaning of clothes 4,7,8) .…”