Assessment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors in Local Population

Abstract

Background The gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Risk management of GDM should be done at first prenatal visit. As it is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy, the present study was focused on finding out the risk factors of GDM in local population. Method We evaluated the risk factors of GDM in 200 females who were randomly tested for GDM with 75 g Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 th weeks of pregnancy. A detailed questionnaire was administered in this cross sectional study. Results The most commonly observed risk factor was family history DM,117 patients (p<0.001and odd ratio as 40.4 [17.4 to 93.6]), obesity,113 patients (P< 0.001, odd ratio as 4.5[2.2 to 9.2]), pregnancy related stress in109 (P< 0.001, odd ratio as 4.8[2.4 to 9.5]), anemia in 88 females (P=0.003, odd ratio as 3.5[1.5 to 8.0]), history of abortions,76 (P< 0.001), odd ratio as 2.9[1.59 to 5.34]). Furthermore, stress, hypertension, lack of exercise were significantly associated risk factors of GDM. Only 93 females who had fatigue during pregnancy (P=0.718 and odd ratio as 0.88[0.45 to 1.71]) had association with development of GDM that was statistically insignificant. Conclusion The most commonly occurring risk factor of GDM in our population were obesity, family history of diabetes, stress, hypertension and lack of exercise. Unusual association was observed between iron deficiency anemia and GDM.

Frequency of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women Reporting to a Public Sector Tertiary Care Hospital of Quetta

“…We found that maternal age was positively associated with the frequency of GDM. A similar association had been observed in earlier studies from other parts of Pakistan by Bibi et [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The reason given for this association is similar to the reason behind the development of T2DM, i.e. with age, the pancreas starts producing insulin less effectively.…”

“…This is because GDM has an association with many factors that include family history, maternal age, parity, educational level, ethnicity, maternal occupation, polyhydramnios, history of GDM, anaemia, stress, hypertension, history of abortions, lack of exercise, pre-pregnancy weight, and G Ge es st ta at ti io on na al l D Di ia ab be et te es s M Me el ll li it tu us s i in n P Pr re eg gn na an nt t W Wo om me en n Pak Armed Forces Med J 2022; 72 (6): 2097 BMI. 12,13 These factors had not been explored in our study and this might have resulted in different results. This was also one of the limitations of our study.…”

“…At least two readings that were equal to or exceeded 5.1mmol/L for FPG, 10mmol/L for 1-hour after glucose load, and 8.5 mmol/L for 2-hours after glucose load were labelled as GDM. 12 Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for age and plasma glucose levels at fasting and 1 and 2 hours after the oral glucose load.…”

Prevalence and Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women Attending Fanara Family Center, in Egypt

“…The most common risk factors for GDM among our patients were a family history of diabetes and a prior history of abortion. This was consistent with the findings of 2 previous studies (24,25) . When comparing patients with GDM patients to women not diagnosed with GDM, only the history of obesity was found to be significantly different (p≥ 0.05) between the 2 groups, where patients with GDM had a higher history of obesity.…”

Exploring relationships between Lipid parameters and Serum Vitamin-D deficiency.

“…It is hard to correlate dyslipidemia with hypovitaminosis D when, by some estimates, up to 90% of the general population harbors some variant of suboptimal cholesterol blood levels in Pakistan 16 . Concordantly, exceptionally high rates of vitamin D deficiency have been reported all across Pakistan by multiple authors; all studies showed vitamin D deficiency disproportionately affected women [18][19][20] . Whenever patients with hypovitaminosis D have dyslipidemia, these tend to affect HDL-C levels more than LDL-C or triglyceride levels; the most common variant of dyslipidemia in the local population is due to aberrant HDL-C levels.…”