Assessment of Information to Substantiate a Health Claim on the Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Lignans

Saarinen, Niina M.; Tuominen, Juhani; Pylkkänen, Liisa; Santti, Risto

doi:10.3390/nu2020099

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…ENL has been reported to have anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties [10,11,17,18,19,20,21], but ecological studies examining ENL exposure and disease risk, especially with regard to prostate cancer, have been inconclusive [9,10,11]. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of how the inter-individual response to ENL may be affected by diet and lifestyle, genetic and/or epigenetic factors and intestinal microbiota composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-Proliferative Effects of Enterolactone in Prostate Cancer Cells: Evidence for the Role of DNA Licencing Genes, mi-R106b Cluster Expression, and PTEN Dosage

2014

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The mammalian lignan, enterolactone, has been shown to reduce the proliferation of the earlier stages of prostate cancer at physiological concentrations in vitro. However, efficacy in the later stages of the disease occurs at concentrations difficult to achieve through dietary modification. We have therefore investigated what concentration(s) of enterolactone can restrict proliferation in multiple stages of prostate cancer using an in vitro model system of prostate disease. We determined that enterolactone at 20 μM significantly restricted the proliferation of mid and late stage models of prostate disease. These effects were strongly associated with changes in the expression of the DNA licencing genes (GMNN, CDT1, MCM2 and 7), in reduced expression of the miR-106b cluster (miR-106b, miR-93, and miR-25), and in increased expression of the PTEN tumour suppressor gene. We have shown anti-proliferative effects of enterolactone in earlier stages of prostate disease than previously reported and that these effects are mediated, in part, by microRNA-mediated regulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-Proliferative Effects of Enterolactone in Prostate Cancer Cells: Evidence for the Role of DNA Licencing Genes, mi-R106b Cluster Expression, and PTEN Dosage

2014

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“…Lignans with anticancer activities, abundant in food materials such as those in flaxseeds [11, 12], have great potential for cancer prevention and treatment as they may reduce the incidence of various cancer types [14, 31, 36, 37]. However, their specific effects on ovarian cancer have not been adequately documented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterolactone has stronger effects than enterodiol on ovarian cancer

Liu

Wang

et al. 2017

J Ovarian Res

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BackgroundOvarian cancer is one of the three leading gynecological malignancies, characterized by insidious growth, highly frequent metastasis, and quick development of drug resistance. As a result, this disease has low 5-year survival rates. Estrogen receptor inhibitors were commonly used for the treatment, but only 7% to 18% of patients respond to anti-estrogen therapies. Therefore, more effective therapies to inhibit estrogen-related tumors are urgently needed. Recently, phytoestrogens, such as lignans with estrogen-like biological activities, have attracted attention for their potential effects in the prevention or treatment of estrogen-related diseases. Enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) are mammalian lignans, which can reduce the risk of various cancers. However, the effects of END and ENL on ovarian cancer are not adequately documented.MethodsWe used in vitro assays on the ES-2 cell line to evaluate the inhibiting effects of END and ENL on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability and in vivo xenograft experiments on nude mice to validate the anticancer effects of END and ENL.ResultsThe in vitro assays demonstrated that high-dose END and ENL could obviously inhibit ovarian malignant properties, including cancerous proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Compared to END, ENL behaved in a better time-dose dependent manner on the cancer cells. The in vivo experiments showed that END (1 mg/kg), ENL (1 mg/kg) and ENL (0.1 mg/kg) suppressed tumor markedly, and there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in tumor weight and volume. Compared to END, which have serious side effects to the animals at high concentration such as 1 mg/kg, ENL had higher anticancer activities and less side effects in the animals than END at the same concentrations, so it would be a better candidate for drug development.ConclusionEND and ENL both have potent inhibitory effects on ovarian cancer but ENL possesses a more effective anti-cancer capability and less side effects than END. Findings in this work provide novel insights into ovarian cancer therapeutics with phytoestrogens and encourage their clinical applications.

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“…60,61 Indeed, recent evidence confirms that ENL, even at concentrations achievable in vivo following the intake of lignan precursors, inhibits the proliferation of earlystage prostate cancer cells. On the one hand, reviews by McCann et al and Saarinen et al cite several in vitro and animal studies that demonstrate the ability of lignans to act as chemopreventive agents in prostate cells.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 98%