Assessment of Left Ventricular Dimensions and Functions in Athletes and Sedentary Subjects at Rest and During Exercise Using Echocardiography, Doppler Sonography and Radionuclide Ventriculography

Huonker, M.; König, D; Keul, J.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-972920

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These differences in chamber dimensions were consistently present between the long-distance steeplechasers and all of the other groups of racehorses studied, except for the hurdlers, who run over the same distance range, but over lower, easier fences. As LV chamber width increases in response to dynamic exercise and endurance training in both humans (8,11) and horses (23), these data suggest that conditioned racehorses develop a cardiac morphology that is appropriate to the endurance component of their event. Previous data have also shown that racehorses adapt to commercial training with increases in both wall thickness and chamber width (23), yet we were unable to detect differences in weight-corrected wall thickness in any of the groups in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Young¹,

Rogers²,

Wood³

2005

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O2 uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000 -2,500 m) or jump racing (3,200 -6,400 m). Body weight and sex-adjusted measures of left ventricular size were largest in horses engaged in jump racing over fixed fences, compared with horses running shorter distances on the flat (range 8 -16%). The observed differences in cardiac morphologies suggest that subtle differences in training and competition result in cardiac adaptations that are appropriate to the endurance component of the horses' event. Derived left ventricular mass was strongly associated with published rating (quality) in horses racing over longer distances in jump races (P Յ 0.001), but less so for horses in flat races. Rather, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass combined were positively associated with race rating in older flat racehorses running over sprint (Ͻ1,408 m) and longer distances (Ͼ1,408 m), explaining 25-35% of overall variation in performance, as well as being closely associated with performance in longer races over jumps (23%). These data provide the first direct evidence that cardiac size influences athletic performance in a group of mammalian running athletes. Thoroughbred horses; athletic performance; heart size RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE RESEARCH into the effects of athletic training and competition on the human heart have demonstrated differing effects of various types of exercise and training (22). Prolonged periods of high cardiac output with minimal change in arterial blood pressure, typical of long-duration endurance training (dynamic exercise), produce increased diastolic load and stimulate compensatory increases in cardiac chamber size (10). In contrast, short-duration "power" training (static exercise), associated with increased cardiac afterload and arterial blood pressure, produces increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness due to compensatory concentric myocardial remodeling (15). Although sport-specific cardiac adaptations have been studied for many human athletic disciplines with differing static and dynamic exercise components (9, 19), most studies have compared elite human athletes competing in sports at extremes of the power/endurance spectrum. The differences in cardiac adaptation between athletes performing dynamic exercise over different distances, with subtle differences in the power/endurance components of their competitive events, have not yet been fully explored.The role of the heart in defining athletic performance has been the subject of speculation and interest ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Young¹,

Rogers²,

Wood³

2005

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…The physiological adaptations to aerobic training consist of a set of morphological and functional adaptations to metabolism, circulation, and cardiac function [12,13,14,15]. However, the mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects of exercise training on myocardial remodeling and function after MI remain to be elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of MicroRNA-29 and Collagen in Cardiac Muscle after Swimming Training in Myocardial-Infarcted Rats

Melo

Fernandes

Baraúna

et al. 2014

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is accompanied by cardiac growth, increased collagen deposition, cell death and new vascularization of the cardiac tissue, which results in reduced ventricular compliance. The MiRNA-29 family (29a, 29b, and 29c) targets mRNAs that encode collagens and other proteins involved in fibrosis. In this study we assessed the effects of swimming training (ST) on expression of the cardiac miRNA-29 family and on genes encoding collagen after MI in rats. Methods: ST consisted of 60 min/day/10 weeks and began four weeks after MI. MiRNA and collagen expression analysis were performed in the infarcted region (IR), border region (BR) of the infarcted region and in the remote myocardium (RM) of the left ventricle. Results: MiRNA-29a expression increased 32% in BR and 52% in RM in the TR-INF compared with SED-INF. MiRNA-29c increased by 63% in BR and 55% in RM in TR-INF compared with SED-INF group. COL IAI and COL IIIAI decreased by 63% and 62% in TR-INF, respectively, compared with SED-INF. COLIIIAI expression decreased by 16% in TR-INF compared with SED-INF. Conclusion: Altogether, our results showed that ST restores cardiac miRNA-29 (a and c) levels and prevents COL IAI and COL IIIAI expression in BR and RM, which may contribute to the improvement in ventricular function induced by swimming training, after MI.

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“…In older people, it is more difficult to assess the role of hypertrophy. Based on sports cardiologic studies 15,[19][20][21][22][23][24] made in the last few years, the two types of hypertrophy can be best separated functionally, primarily by using the parameters of diastolic function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic function in physically well trained and in obese men

Sidó¹,

Jákó²,

Kneffel

et al. 2003

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to compare cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic function in extremely obese male patients and physically active adult male subjects of similar age (means 43.0-43.4 y). DESIGN: Data of male patients referred to our hospital ward in order to reduce their body weight (BW) were compared with those of physically active and nonactive healthy males. SUBJECTS: The groups contained 21-24 male subjects, very active and moderately active subjects taking part in regular competitive or leisure time physical activity were in the two athletic groups, severely overweight patients constituted the obese group and healthy persons served as controls. MEASUREMENTS: Two-dimensionally guided M-mode and Doppler recordings. RESULTS: In comparison with the controls, obese patients had larger left atrial systolic and left ventricular (LV) diastolic internal diameters, LV diastolic wall thickness and muscle mass. Of the body size-related indices, only the left atrial systolic diameter index was significantly higher. LV systolic and diastolic functions were impaired as indicated by a decreased ejection fraction (EF), higher heart rate (HR), decreased E/A quotient and increased isovolumetric relaxation time. In the physically very active subjects, a thicker LV diastolic wall was seen without LV dilatation. Body size-related wall thickness and muscle mass were significantly higher than in the controls. EF and HR did not differ from those of the controls. CONCLUSION: The most useful help to distinguish between physiological and pathological left ventricular hypertrophy can be to investigate diastolic functions. The most salient difference appeared in diastolic function, because E/A quotient was higher in the very active subjects than in the controls and it was the lowest in the obese persons.

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Assessment of Left Ventricular Dimensions and Functions in Athletes and Sedentary Subjects at Rest and During Exercise Using Echocardiography, Doppler Sonography and Radionuclide Ventriculography

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Expression of MicroRNA-29 and Collagen in Cardiac Muscle after Swimming Training in Myocardial-Infarcted Rats

Cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic function in physically well trained and in obese men

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