Assessment of Metaheuristic Techniques Applied to the Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch

Solution of the Optimal Reactive Power Flow Problem Using a Discrete-Continuous CBGA Implemented in the DigSILENT Programming Language

“…where p g k and q g k represent the active and reactive power injections provided by the generator connected at node k; p d k and p d k are the active and reactive power consumptions in the node k by the constant power loads; q c k c j represents the reactive power injection by a capacitor bank connected at node k with the tap position c j ; q l k (r l ) represents the reactive power absorption by a reactor connected at node k with the tap position r l ; v g i is the output voltage for a generator i; c j tap position for the jth capacitor bank; r l tap position for the lth reactor compensator; v g,min i and v g,max i represent the lower and upper bounds associated with the voltage variables in the generation nodes; q g,min k and q g,max k are the lower and upper reactive power generation bounds for a generator connected at node k; c min It is worth mentioning that the reactive power injection in the capacitor banks or the reactive power absorption in the reactors is a function of the tap position in these devices [6,34]. In addition, depending on the nature of the tap modeling, these can be represented as continuous variables (ideal case) or with discrete stages (real case), where the former produces a nonlinear optimization model, and the latter a general MINLP problem [35].…”

“…Inequality constraints (4) and ( 5) define the voltage and reactive power generation bounds in all the generators connected to the power system. Constraints (6) to (8) guarantees that all the taps in capacitor banks, reactors and power transformers are within their bounds; finally, inequality constraint (9) ensures that the voltage regulation bounds in all the nodes of the network stay within of their maximum and minimum allowed bounds.…”

“…In addition, to control the voltage profiles along the grid the tap changers are also used in transformers and the voltage controllers in the synchronous machines [5]. These devices must be properly coordinated to support voltage and frequency for all possible operative conditions of the network [6]; however, these are not easy tasks as specialized control and optimization methodologies are required [1].…”

“…In the objective function it is considered the minimization of the grid energy losses, the voltage deviation, and the voltage stability index. Londoño et al,in [6] presented the application of the mean-variance mapping optimization algorithm to the optimal reactive power flow problem. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm is tested in the IEEE 30-bus system, and compared with multiple metaheurisitic optimizers.…”

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch With Time-Varying Demand and Renewable Energy Uncertainty Using Rao-3 Algorithm

“…The ORPD aims at the control and management of reactive power to minimize total active power loss, and a total of voltage deviations, and the voltage stability margin improvement while preserving equality and inequality constraints within their acceptable limits [1], [2]. The active power losses are set as an objective in the ORPD problem.…”