Assessment of metal pollution using enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) in sediments of selected Terengganu rivers, Malaysia

Sukri, Nor Sayzwani; Aspin, Siti Amirah; Kamarulzaman, Nurul Liyana; Jaafar, Nurul Fazlina; Ghazi, Rozidaini Mohd; Yaacob, Siti Hajar; Kedri, Farah Khaliz; Zakaria, Mohamad Pauzi

doi:10.11113/mjfas.v14n2.1065

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, several sediments, especially among the subtidal ones, that were classified as having “minor enrichments” according to EF are instead rated as uncontaminated by Igeo . This discordance between Igeo and EF classification was predictable, as already reported by many authors (e.g., Haris and Aris ( 2013 ); Loska et al ( 2003 ); Nowrouzi and Pourkhabbaz ( 2014 ); Shafie et al ( 2013 ); Sukri et al ( 2018 )). In fact, it is due to the normalization step implied in the EF formula, and particularly related to the choice of the reference element and the background matrix.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Heavy metal content and potential ecological risk assessment of sediments from Khnifiss Lagoon National Park (Morocco)

Tnoumi

Angelone

Armiento

et al. 2022

Environ Monit Assess

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Coastal lagoons are important but sensitive environments, being transitional zones between land and sea. The Khnifiss lagoon is the most important desert wetland in Morocco, but little data have been produced concerning heavy metal geochemistry and enrichments in the sediments. Therefore, 26 surface sediments (15 intertidal and 11 subtidal) and 2 sediment cores were collected in 2016 and analyzed for a selection of heavy metals. The data were processed to assess the degree of contamination and the corresponding potential ecological risk, using several accumulation/enrichment indices, and the singular and multi-metal risk indices. Mean concentrations in the bottom layers of the two cores, dating from a pre-industrial age according to geochronological analysis, were used as the local geochemical background. The resulting values were on the whole lower than those reported for other areas of the northeastern coast of Morocco. Multivariate statistics were also applied to better understand relationships among variables (metals and other geochemical parameters) and to reveal similarities among sample groups. The results showed that, although the lagoon is not yet affected by significant anthropogenic influences, small enrichments can be recognized, especially for Ni and Cd. The cause may be related to the proximity to the main national highway, the vehicles and machinery used in the saltworks located in the area, and the small harbors used principally for fishing. In addition, industrial emissions from the Atlantic coast of Morocco and adjacent countries can be reasonably attributed as additional contributors to the enrichments. In terms of potential ecological risk, Cd shows the greatest impact compared to the other metals investigated.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Heavy metal content and potential ecological risk assessment of sediments from Khnifiss Lagoon National Park (Morocco)

Tnoumi

Angelone

Armiento

et al. 2022

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Many studies have been conducted to determine the level of micronutrients in Malaysian rivers, including Selangor (Kadhum et al 2015), Sg. Terengganu, Terengganu (Sukri et al 2018), Sg. Baleh in Sarawak (Chai et al 2018), Sg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Trace Elements in Sediments Samples by Using Neutron Activation Analysis

et al. 2022

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The Juru River is a highly industrialized, urbanized, and agricultural catchment. This study aimed to investigate trace elements in Juru mangrove sediments, including geochemical baselines and enrichment. Sediment was collected from the mangrove in Juru, Penang, Malaysia. A total of eight target elements was examined. Instrumentation activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine the concentration of Fe, V, Cr, Zn and Co. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the concentration of elements that not detectable by INAA (Cd, Pb, and As). In both methods, validated reference material studies were used for validation of the methodology. Metal pollution was estimated using the Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), and Pollutant Load Index (PLI). The EF, Igeo, and CF ranges from 0.45–7.96, -2.18 – 1.95, and 0.33–5.83 respectively. The order of accumulation of the elemental concentration found was Fe > Zn> Cr > V > Pb > As > Co >Cd. The computed mean value of PLI exceeds the unit (PLI > 1).

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“…Seventeen papers from Malaysia were not included in the calculations of ERI and HHRA [ 6 , 90 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 ]. The exclusions were mainly due to not all the three metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) being analyzed and reported in these papers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological-Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in Aquatic Sediments from the ASEAN-5 Emerging Developing Countries: A Review and Synthesis

Yap

Al-Mutairi

2021

Biology

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The ASEAN-5 countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as a group is an ever-increasing major economy developmental hub in Asia besides having wealthy natural resources. However, heavy metal (HM) pollution in the region is of increasing environmental and public concern. This study aimed to review and compile the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic sediments of the ASEAN-5 countries published in the literature from 1981 to February 2021. The mean values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in aquatic sediments were elevated and localized in high human activity sites and compared to the earth’s upper continental crust and reference values. Based on 176 reports from 113 publications, the ranges of concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) were 0.09–3080 for Cu, 0.37–4950 for Zn, and 0.07–2666 for Pb. The ecological risk (ER) values ranged from 0.02–1077 for Cu, 0.01–95.2 for Zn, and 0.02–784 for Pb. All reports (100%) showed the Zn ER values were categorized as being between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘considerable potential ecological risk’. Almost all Cu ER values (97.7%) also showed similar ranges of the above two risk categories except for a few reports. The highest Cu level (3080 mg/kg dry weight) was reported from a mine-tailing spill in Marinduque Island of the Philippines with ‘very high ecological risk’. In addition, drainage sediments in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia were categorized as Cu ’high potential ecological risk’. Almost all reports (96%) showed Pb ER values categorized as between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘moderate potential ecological risk’ except for a few reports. Six reports showed Pb ER values of ‘considerable potential ecological risk’, while one report from Semarang (Indonesia) showed Pb ER of ‘very high ecological risk’ (Pb level of 2666 mg/kg dry weight). For the ingestion and dermal contact pathways for sediments from the ASEAN-5 countries, all non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) values (HI values 1.0) for Cu, Pb, and Zn reflected no NCR. The ER and human health risk assessment of Cu, Pb, and Zn were compared in an integrative and accurate manner after we reassessed the HM data mentioned in the literature. The synthesis carried out in this review provided the basis for us to consider Cu, Pb, and Zn as being of localized elevated levels. This provided evidence for the ASEAN-5 group of countries to be considered as being a new socio-economic corridor. Beyond any reasonable doubt, an ever-increasing anthropogenic input of HMs is to be expected to a certain degree. We believe that this paper provides the most fundamental useful baseline data for the future management and sustainable development of the aquatic ecosystems in the region. Lastly, we claim that this review is currently the most up-to-date review on this topic in the literature.

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Assessment of metal pollution using enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) in sediments of selected Terengganu rivers, Malaysia

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Heavy metal content and potential ecological risk assessment of sediments from Khnifiss Lagoon National Park (Morocco)

Heavy metal content and potential ecological risk assessment of sediments from Khnifiss Lagoon National Park (Morocco)

Determination of Trace Elements in Sediments Samples by Using Neutron Activation Analysis

Ecological-Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in Aquatic Sediments from the ASEAN-5 Emerging Developing Countries: A Review and Synthesis

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