Assessment of morbidity in Schistosoma haematobium infection: current methods and future tools

Vennervald, B J; Kahama, Anthony I.; Reimert, Claus M.

doi:10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00116-9

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Whilst this technique may never substitute parasitological diagnosis nor urine-reagent strip tests, it could play an important additional role in the monitoring of control programmes, particularly due to the postulated relationship between urine-albumin excretion and UTPs [13], as well as their amelioration following treatment [1]. Although ultrasonography has many advantages (discussed in [15]) and is considered the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosing schistosomiasis-related UTPs [1],[16],[17], it is unfortunately time-consuming, and requires heavy equipment, on site electricity (or availability of a generator), and presence of trained staff [18], which somewhat limit its large-scale applicability in many endemic areas. Other shortcomings include low sensitivity to mild lesions and early inflammatory changes, as well as inter- and intra-observers' variation in scoring observed UTPs [18],[19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Morbidity Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis: Assessing Levels of Excreted Urine Albumin and Urinary Tract Pathologies

et al. 2009

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BackgroundUrinary schistosomiasis is responsible for a variety of debilitating conditions; foremost perhaps are urinary tract pathologies (UTPs). Although portable ultrasonography can be used to detect UTPs visually, there is still a need for rapid morbidity assessment (henceforth referred to as RaMA) tools that can be deployed in the field during implementation, monitoring and evaluation of control programmes. We therefore aimed to determine associations between excreted urine-albumin, as measured using a HemoCue photometer, and UTPs, as detected by ultrasonography, in children and adults from an urinary schistosomiasis endemic area in Zanzibar.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn a survey of 140 school-children of both sexes (aged 9 to 15 yr) and 47 adult males (≥16 yr) on the island of Unguja, the prevalence of egg-patent urinary schistosomiasis was 36.4% (CI95 28.5–45.0%) and 46.8% (CI95 32.1–61.9%) (P = 0.14), and that of UTPs was 39.4% (CI95 31.0–48.3%) and 64.4% (CI95 48.8–78.1%) (P = 0.006), respectively. In school-children, raised urine-albumin concentrations (>40 mg/L) were associated, albeit non-significantly, with prevalence of infection (OR = 3.1, P = 0.070), but more specifically and significantly with the prevalence of micro-haematuria (OR = 76.7, P<0.0001). In adults, elevated urine-albumin excretion was associated with UTPs, particularly lesions of the bladder wall (OR = 8.4, P = 0.013). Albuminuria showed promising diagnostic performance, especially in school-aged children with sensitivity of 63.3% and specificity of 83.1% at detecting lower UTPs, i.e. bladder-wall lesions (ultrasonography as ‘gold standard’).Conclusion/SignificanceThis study indicates that albuminuria assays could be used as a RaMA tool for monitoring UTP prevalence during control programmes, as well as a tool for selecting those with more chronic bladder-wall lesions without resorting to ultrasonography.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Morbidity Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis: Assessing Levels of Excreted Urine Albumin and Urinary Tract Pathologies

et al. 2009

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“…7 Furthermore, morbidity appears to be closely related to intensity of infection. 11 This observation has required newer methods of evaluating morbidity to be developed. One such example is the use of monoclonal antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess urine samples for the soluble egg antigen of S haematobium, which would provide an indirect assessment of the live eggs inhabiting the urinary tract or urine and therefore the intensity of the infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such example is the use of monoclonal antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess urine samples for the soluble egg antigen of S haematobium, which would provide an indirect assessment of the live eggs inhabiting the urinary tract or urine and therefore the intensity of the infection. 11,12 Newer studies are exploring the efficacy of multivalent vaccines for individual schistosomal species. [13][14][15] The morbidity rate makes it important for pathologists to be aware of schistosomiasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium on Voided Urine Cytology

Laser

Kacher²,

Amodio³

et al. 2009

Acta Cytologica

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“…Methods of immunoassay, such as ELISA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) are sensitive but not specific, but they may be useful in the detection of early schistosomiasis. Recently, further development utilizing ELISA techniques have led to detection of S. haematobium egg antigens in the urine and the detection of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) in the urine [14]. ECP may allow better assessment of morbidity, as it detects eosinophiluria secondary to inflammatory changes in the bladder and does so without invasive testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized countries

Moudgil

Kosut

2007

Pediatr Nephrol

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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that can cause significant illness in humans. While schistosomiasis is not found in the United States and other developed countries, 200 million people are infected worldwide. It is estimated that 400,000 infected persons immigrate to the United States and present to emergency departments with either acute or chronic schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis can be expected to be seen with increasing frequency in the United States and other developed countries with the continuing influx of immigrants, as well as the return of travelers and soldiers from endemic areas. Although there are several etiologies of gross hematuria in children, schistosomiasis is an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized world. The purpose of this report is to bring awareness to health-care providers in the United States and other developed countries of this uncommon cause of gross hematuria, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can result in quick resolution of symptoms.

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Assessment of morbidity in Schistosoma haematobium infection: current methods and future tools

Cited by 24 publications

References 45 publications

Measuring Morbidity Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis: Assessing Levels of Excreted Urine Albumin and Urinary Tract Pathologies

Measuring Morbidity Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis: Assessing Levels of Excreted Urine Albumin and Urinary Tract Pathologies

Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium on Voided Urine Cytology

Urinary schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized countries

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