Assessment of potability of stored rainwater and impact of environmental conditions on its quality

Nnaji, Chidozie Charles; Nnam, John P.

doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02456-7

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In the context of ongoing climate change and the increasing problems of access to water, various aspects of the use of rainwater for drinking purposes, as well as for other utilitarian purposes (such as land irrigation, toilet flushing and car washing) are being considered in scientific studies carried out in various countries [38,39]. Water scarcity is faced not only by countries with hot climates but increasingly in other countries, including Poland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

et al. 2023

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The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rainwater and the possibility of using it for various purposes in the Roztocze National Park (RNP), Poland. This study was carried out in 2021–2022. Samples of rainwater that drained from the roofs of farm buildings in the RNP were tested for their organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological qualities. The organoleptic tests were run to evaluate the water for a foreign odour and the threshold odour number. The physical and chemical tests included turbidity; colour; pH; conductivity; concentrations of ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, manganese, iron and chlorides; and general hardness. The microbiological tests included total microbial counts at 36 °C and 22 °C, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rainwater quality results were compared with the quality parameters of surface water collected from the River Świerszcz, as well as with the Polish drinking water standards. The findings indicated that rainwater collected in the RNP had good organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological properties, which, in some cases, complied with the standards for potable water. Exceedances of the permissible limits, mainly for ammonium ions and microbiological indicators, were periodically observed in the tested rainwater. This was probably due to contamination of roof surfaces with bird droppings. However, these exceedances did not exclude the use of the rainwater for economic purposes, e.g., flushing toilets, washing vehicles or watering plants, which may significantly reduce the abstraction of high-quality groundwater. The rainwater that is planned to be used as drinking water for the Polish konik horses living in the park will have to be pre-treated via filtration and disinfection processes (e.g., with a UV lamp).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

et al. 2023

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“…Tobin, Ediagbonya [31] observed high concentration of total coliform as well as Escherichia coli in the rainwater collected from Usugbenu, in Edo state. Nnaji and Nnam [32] evaluated eighteen physicochemical and two microbial properties of twenty-five rainwater harvesting tanks in Enugu-Ezike in Enugu state. Dinrifo, Babatunde [33] determined the physico-chemical properties of rain water collected from some Industrial areas of Lagos state.…”

Section: *Correspondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water samples were analyzed using standard methods as stated by Nnaji and Nnam [32] and Dinrifo, Babatunde [33]. The parameters tested for were substances which dissolve in rain water, of which some are beneficial to humans, but in excess they are threats to the well-being of the individual that consumed them.…”

Section: Physicochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Evaluation of Rain Water Obtained from Corrugated Roofing Sheets within Awka Metropolis, Anambra State

Omuku

Odidika

A.E

et al. 2022

IJEE

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The objective of this study was to evaluate comparatively the effects of different brands of corrugated roofing sheets on rainwater utilized within Awka metropolis. Different physicochemical parameters were assessed in the rain water harvested using established standard laboratory procedures. The rain water was harvested directly (control) and also collected after passing through the different brands of corrugated roofing sheets (samples). The results showed no appreciable effects on the physical appearance, observable odour, or taste of the water samples compared to the control sample. However, at 30 °C, there were minor changes in the pH. The amount of suspended solids (SS) in mg/100ml, total solids (TS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) found in each of the samples, including the control sample, did not vary. This showed that the corrugated roofing sheet has no significant effect on the SS, TS, and TDS of the rain water harvested within the study area. Iron, zinc, and chloride ions followed a similar trend as SS, with Fe and Zn occurring at non-detectable limits of the instrumentation, while the levels of Cl-ion (3mg/100ml) did not vary in all the samples, including the control sample. The results revealed that corrugated roofing sheets affect the total alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity of the harvested rain water in the study area greatly but had no impact on their physical appearance.

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“…The removal efficiency of fecal coliforms by the reactor decreased to 43-47% in the winter season (10 • C-15 • C), which clearly indicated that fecal coliforms resisted inactivation when temperatures were lower than 20 • C. This resistance to inactivation was valid because this group of bacteria were mesophilic in nature, and the method to enumerate the fecal coliform bacteria includes incubation at 35 • C-37 • C. However, many of the pathogenic bacteria found in the wastewater were either bound to the solids matrix or trapped to form floc by absorption, coagulation, or precipitation processes that in turn provide better conditions for the survival of pathogenic microorganisms [42]. Shoushtarian and Negahban-Azar [43] also reported standard guidelines that treated water used for the irrigation of fodder crops must contain less than 200 fecal coliforms/100 mL, while Nnaji and Nnam [34] reported that the acceptable MPN index for irrigation with river water containing wastewater discharge was up to 1000 fecal coliforms/100 mL. In the current study, the MPN index of the treated water lay within standard limits; therefore, it is highly recommended that wastewater treatment plants should be designed in such a manner that not only reduces the organic pollution of rivers and streams but also reduces the load of pathogenic microorganisms.…”

Section: Efficiency Of Pilot-scale Tf For the Removal Of Fecal Coliformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To ensure that treated water is suitable for safe use in public and irrigation sectors, it must have low levels of total dissolved solids, pathogenic organisms, BOD 5 , and salt concentration. Furthermore, treated water allows a community to become less reliant on natural water reservoirs [32][33][34][35]. Tang et al [36] also reported that treated water enhanced agricultural productivity by 10-30% compared to using untreated wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated Modelling, Design, and Performance Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale Trickling Filter System for Removal of Carbonaceous Pollutants from Domestic Wastewater

Rehman

Anees

Sehar

et al. 2021

Water

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The aim of the present study is to assess the wastewater treatment efficiency of a low-cost pilot-scale trickling filter (TF) system under a prevailing temperature range of 12 °C–38 °C. Operational data (both influent and effluent) for 330 days were collected from the pilot-scale TF for various physicochemical and biological parameters. Average percentage reductions were observed in the ranges of 52–72, 51–73, 61–81, and 74–89% for BOD5, COD, TDS, and TSS, respectively, for the whole year except the winter season, where a 74–88% reduction was observed only for TSS, whilst BOD5, COD, and TDS demonstrated reductions in the ranges of 13–50, 13–49, and 23–61%, respectively. Furthermore, reductions of about 43–55% and 57–86% in fecal coliform count were observed after the 1st and 6th day of treatment, respectively, throughout study period. Moreover, the pilot-scale TF model was based on zero-order kinetics calibrated at 20 °C using experimental BOD5 data obtained in the month of October to calculate the k20 value, which was further validated to determine the kt value for each BOD5 experimental setup. The model resulted in more accurate measurements of the pilot-scale TF and could help to improve its ability to handle different types of wastewater in the future.

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Assessment of potability of stored rainwater and impact of environmental conditions on its quality

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

A Comparative Evaluation of Rain Water Obtained from Corrugated Roofing Sheets within Awka Metropolis, Anambra State

Simulated Modelling, Design, and Performance Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale Trickling Filter System for Removal of Carbonaceous Pollutants from Domestic Wastewater

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