Assessment of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to COVID-19 Vaccination Sites in Brooklyn, New York

Williams, Natasha; Tutrow, Haleigh; Pina, Paulo; Belli, Hayley M.; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Schoenthaler, Antoinette

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13937

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Other studies have noted evidence of mistrust by ethnic minorities as a barrier to the willingness to participate in clinical trials and difficulties for representative recruitment 41 42 as well as issues with the acceptability of vaccines. 43 44 We also want to note the discrepancies in COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake, highlighted early in the pandemic through surveys assessing willingness to vaccinate, and the need for targeted vaccine-acceptance messaging. 45 46 These factors mean that the ethnic minority views about vaccine nationalism and how this might relate to certain ethnic groups may not be adequately covered in this research.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine nationalism and internationalism: perspectives of COVID-19 vaccine trial participants in the United Kingdom

et al. 2021

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BackgroundVaccine nationalism has become a key topic of discussion during the development, testing, and rollout of COVID-19 vaccines. Media attention has highlighted the ways that global, coordinated access to vaccines has been limited during the pandemic. It has also exposed how some countries have secured vaccine supply, through bilateral purchase agreements and the way pharmaceutical companies have priced, negotiated, and delivered these supplies. Much of the focus of this debate has been on the vaccine supply ‘winners’ and ‘losers’, but the voices of public opinion have been more limited.MethodsWe explore the concepts of vaccine nationalism and internationalism from the perspective of vaccine trial participants, using an empirical perspectives study that involved interviews with phase I/II COVID-19 vaccine trial participants in Oxford, UK. We surveyed and interviewed participants between September and October 2020 about their views, motivations and experiences in taking part in the trial.ResultsFirst, we show how trial participants describe national and international ideas about vaccination as intertwined and challenge claims that these positions are mutually exclusive or oppositional. Second, we analyse these viewpoints further to show that vaccine nationalism is closely connected with national pride and metaphors of a country’s scientific achievements. Participants held a global outlook and were highly supportive of the prioritisation of vaccines by global need, but many were also pessimistic that such a solution could be possible.ConclusionTrial participants constitute an informed public group, with situated public expertise that the global community could draw on as an expert opinion. We argue that vaccine nationalism is strongly attached to national character and, therefore, it is more difficult for ownership of a vaccine to be though of as international.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine nationalism and internationalism: perspectives of COVID-19 vaccine trial participants in the United Kingdom

et al. 2021

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“…In fact, if self-protection is associated with significant costs, already-vulnerable populations may suffer compounding costs as they balance selfprotection against significant disease risk without adequate support from a broader community that does not share their risks (52)(53)(54)(55). Further, structural inequities often leave population subgroups that are vulnerable to larger, more severe outbreaks with reduced access to protective measures like health education, treatment, vaccination, and paid leave (5,20,46,48,(56)(57)(58)(59)(60). Resulting differences in rates of protective behavior uptake and effectiveness can compound disparities between groups and reduce the protective impact of awareness separation for more-vulnerable groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social divisions and risk perception can drive divergent epidemic dynamics and large second and third waves

Harris

Mordecai

2022

Preprint

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During infectious disease outbreaks, individuals may adopt protective measures like vaccination and physical distancing in response to awareness of disease burden. Prior work showed how feedback between epidemic intensity and awareness-based behavior shapes disease dynamics (e.g., producing plateaus and oscillations). These models often overlook social divisions, where population subgroups may be disproportionately impacted by a disease and more responsive to the effects of disease within their group. We hypothesize that socially divided awareness-based behavior could fundamentally alter epidemic dynamics and shift disease burden between groups. We develop a compartmental model of disease transmission in a population split into two groups to explore the impacts of awareness separation (relatively greater in- versus out-group awareness of epidemic severity) and mixing separation (relatively greater in- versus out-group contact rates). Protective measures are adopted based on awareness of recent disease-linked mortality. Using simulations, we show that groups that are more separated in awareness have smaller differences in mortality. Fatigue-driven abandonment of protective behavior can drive additional infection waves that can even exceed the size of the initial wave, particularly if uniform awareness drives early protection in one group, leaving that group largely susceptible to future infection. Finally, vaccine or infection-acquired immunity that is more protective against transmission and mortality may indirectly lead to more infections by reducing perceived risk of infection, and thereby reducing vaccine uptake. The dynamics of awareness-driven protective behavior, including relatively greater awareness of epidemic conditions in one's own group, can dramatically impact protective behavior uptake and the course of epidemics.

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“…Our estimates of infection rates and the timeline to herd immunity could be somewhat optimistic in that case. Fifth, the model treats vaccination access as being evenly distributed across communities, whereas numerous analyses have found lower numbers of vaccination sites in communities of color in multiple U.S. cities, especially in southern states 42 , 43 . All of these dynamics could alter the specific quantitative results we see here and the timeline to herd immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination intentions generate racial disparities in the societal persistence of COVID-19

Wang

Ristea

Amiri

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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We combined survey, mobility, and infections data in greater Boston, MA to simulate the effects of racial disparities in the inclination to become vaccinated on continued infection rates and the attainment of herd immunity. The simulation projected marked inequities, with communities of color experiencing infection rates 3 times higher than predominantly White communities and reaching herd immunity 45 days later on average. Persuasion of individuals uncertain about vaccination was crucial to preventing the worst inequities but could only narrow them so far because 1/5th of Black and Latinx individuals said that they would never vaccinate. The results point to a need for well-crafted, compassionate messaging that reaches out to those most resistant to the vaccine.

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Assessment of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to COVID-19 Vaccination Sites in Brooklyn, New York

Abstract: Dr Williams had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Vaccine nationalism and internationalism: perspectives of COVID-19 vaccine trial participants in the United Kingdom

Vaccine nationalism and internationalism: perspectives of COVID-19 vaccine trial participants in the United Kingdom

Social divisions and risk perception can drive divergent epidemic dynamics and large second and third waves

Vaccination intentions generate racial disparities in the societal persistence of COVID-19

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