Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe

Chivas, Carine; Guillaume, Éric; Sainrat, A.; Barbosa, Virginie

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009

Cited by 44 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This is in agreement with previous studies reporting also higher concentrations of OPFRs in indoor air and dust in offices and day care centers compared to private homes (Bergh et al 2011;Brommer et al 2012). Such a finding is likely due to much stricter fire safety standards applied to upholstered furniture, acoustic ceilings, flooring, and floor polishes in public buildings compared to private homes (Marklund et al 2003;Saito et al 2007;Chivas et al 2009). It can also be attributed to the higher amount of electronic equipment (i.e., computers, printers) in offices than in private homes.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvisupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These standards prescribe higher flammability requirements of PUF foams used in vehicles than those used in PUF furniture in Germany (DIN 66084). Considering stringent fire regulations and standards in vehicles, higher concentrations of OPFRs in indoor air of private cars can be expected compared to indoor air of offices, private homes, and other environments (Ali et al 2013;Chivas et al 2009;EFRA 2015). Figure 3 shows the comparison of median concentrations for ∑OPFRs in indoor air from different countries and indoor microenvironments (details are listed in Table S3).…”

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

120

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The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m with a median of 40.23 ng/m, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m), schools (36.23 ng/m), day care centers (31.80 ng/m), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.

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Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvisupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Chivas' study showed that brominated flame retardant with antimony oxide and a boron-containing additive is one of the most popular flame retardants for cotton fabrics (Chivas et al 2009). …”

Section: Textilementioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles: a review of its applications and legislation

Yuan²,

Wenjing³

2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

109

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), especially commercial decabrominated diphenyl ethers (c-decaBDE), have been widely produced and applied to numerous materials because of their highly effective flame-retardant capabilities. The production of commercial pentaBDE (c-pentaBDE) and commercial octaBDE (c-octaBDE) ended in 2004 because they are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to both humans and the environment, but decaBDE production and use continue. Furthermore, many congeners of PBDEs are still prevalent in consumer products and articles that they pose enormous threat to both the environment and human health. PBDEs have been detected in the casing of electrical and electronic equipment, textile materials, automotive interiors, polyurethane foam (PUF) in seat cushions, children's toys, kitchenware, and other products. With increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, many developed countries have drawn more public attention to PBDEs and developed sound strategies for their management. This review summaries the utilization and management of PBDEs in a number of countries and reaches the conclusion that PBDEs are still prevalent in consumer articles, while specific regulations or policies for articles containing PBDEs are rare. Public awareness should be raised on the importance of sound management of articles containing PBDEs.

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“…With the awareness that flame retardants can be pollutants, much attention has been paid to the problem of leaching and blowing out of low-molecular-weight phosphorus-containing flame retardants [15,16]. To overcome these problems, covalently incorporating flame retardant groups to the backbones of EP and additive-type polymeric flame retardants are recognized to be highly effective approaches [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins

Zhao

Liu

Peng

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

139

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Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe

Cited by 44 publications

References 6 publications

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles: a review of its applications and legislation

Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins

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