Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents—methodological consideration

Gaweł, Kinga; Gibuła, Ewa; Marszałek‐Grabska, Marta; Filarowska, Joanna; Kotlińska, Jolanta

doi:10.1007/s00210-018-1589-y

Cited by 206 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(296 reference statements)

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“…In the first probe trial, we observed significant differences in escape latency between pristane/pristane+LPS vs. control group at 7wLPS in STM D3-D4, and were maintained in LTM probe. The subgroup of control mice decrease in escape latency as expected, as consequence of memory consolidation and learning process observed in other studies[27]. Nevertheless, mice treated with pristane and pristane+LPS showed an erratic behavior and anxiety, that resulted in a prolongated time to reach and enter in to escape hole.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Downregulation of hippocampal NR2A/2B subunits related to cognitive impairment in a pristane-induced lupus BALB/c mice

Luciano-Jaramillo

Sandoval-García

Mercado

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a severe complication associated with the neurotoxic effects of circulating autoantibodies in the central nervous system (CNS) manifested frequently as a learning and memory deficit. Pristane-induced lupus in BALB/c female mice is an experimental model that resembles some clinical and immunological SLE pathogenesis associated with environmental factors. Nevertheless, there is no experimental evidence that relate pristane-induced lupus with cognitive dysfunction associated with autoantibodies production.ObjectiveTo evaluate cognitive impairment related to memory deficits in a pristane-induced lupus BALB/c female mice related to mRNA expression levels of NR2A/2B hippocampal subunits in short and long-term memory task at 7 and 12 weeks after LPS exposition (7wLPS and 12wLPS) in a behavioral test with the employment of Barnes maze.MethodsFifty-four female BALB/c mice of 8-12 weeks old were included in 2 experimental groups: 7 and 12 weeks after lypopolissacharide (LPS) exposure and classified in subgroups (control, pristane and pristane+LPS). To determine cognitive dysfunction, mice were tested in a Barnes maze. Serum anti-Sm antibodies and relative expression of hippocampal NR2A/NR2B subunits were quantified.ResultsPristane and pristane+LPS mice showed a prolonged escape latency at 7wLPS than at 12wLPS in short-term memory. Downregulation of hippocampal NR2A subunit was more evident than NR2B in pristane and pristane+LPS at 7wLPS and 12wLPS. The anti-Sm autoantibodies levels correlate with the relative expression of NR2A.ConclusionDownregulation of hippocampal NR2A/2B subunits in the pristane-model of lupus in BALB/c mice may be related to anti-Sm autoantibodies production with the consequence of cognitive impairment in early stages of autoimmune disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Downregulation of hippocampal NR2A/2B subunits related to cognitive impairment in a pristane-induced lupus BALB/c mice

Luciano-Jaramillo

Sandoval-García

Mercado

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…S4 ). Similarly, the Barnes Maze relies on accurate tracking to test how fast an animal acquires a spatial memory by finding an escape tunnel or a food reward in one of many holes placed around a circular platform [ 41 ]. Our approach precisely tracks the movement of a mouse across the maze, and records the time it spends investigating different holes (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep learning-based behavioral analysis reaches human accuracy and is capable of outperforming commercial solutions

Sturman

Ziegler

Schläppi

et al. 2020

Neuropsychopharmacol.

161

187

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To study brain function, preclinical research heavily relies on animal monitoring and the subsequent analyses of behavior. Commercial platforms have enabled semi high-throughput behavioral analyses by automating animal tracking, yet they poorly recognize ethologically relevant behaviors and lack the flexibility to be employed in variable testing environments. Critical advances based on deep-learning and machine vision over the last couple of years now enable markerless tracking of individual body parts of freely moving rodents with high precision. Here, we compare the performance of commercially available platforms (EthoVision XT14, Noldus; TSE Multi-Conditioning System, TSE Systems) to cross-verified human annotation. We provide a set of videos—carefully annotated by several human raters—of three widely used behavioral tests (open field test, elevated plus maze, forced swim test). Using these data, we then deployed the pose estimation software DeepLabCut to extract skeletal mouse representations. Using simple post-analyses, we were able to track animals based on their skeletal representation in a range of classic behavioral tests at similar or greater accuracy than commercial behavioral tracking systems. We then developed supervised machine learning classifiers that integrate the skeletal representation with the manual annotations. This new combined approach allows us to score ethologically relevant behaviors with similar accuracy to humans, the current gold standard, while outperforming commercial solutions. Finally, we show that the resulting machine learning approach eliminates variation both within and between human annotators. In summary, our approach helps to improve the quality and accuracy of behavioral data, while outperforming commercial systems at a fraction of the cost.

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“…In case of animal model, the TLE was evaluated by the Racine scores, lesser the scores better the potency of the drug. The cognitive functions were assessed by BM [17,24]. Escape latency and error score were assessed in BM, as shown in Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eslicarbazepine and Memory Impairment in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Study on the Attenuating Effect of Nefiracetam

Ray

Krishna

2019

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objectives: The objectives of the present investigation were to evaluate the memory impairment (MI) activity of eslicarbazepine (ESL) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) at a normal and reduced dose, to evaluate the possible protective effect of nefiracetam (NEF) on MI induced by ESL at a normal and reduced dose, and to evaluate the antiepileptic activity of ESL on TLE in the presence and absence of NEF. Methods: MI activity was evaluated by Barnes maze (BM) on lithium-pilocarpine-induced TLE in Wistar albino rats. Rats were trained by releasing from the portable start-up box after keeping sometimes inside, to find the fixed dark escape hole of BM. Mild aversive light overhead was used to motivate the finding. Animals failed to do so were guided manually. Trained animals were taken for the study and checked the escape latency time (ELT) and the error scores (error entry). The treatment was given for 1 month and MI activity was measured on every 7th day and antiepileptic activity on every 8th day. Phenytoin was used as standard antiepileptic drug (AED) to compare the MI extent of ESL. Results: ESL-treated group animals had shown increased ELT and error scores, on comparison with control group, implying the MI as a result treatment of the AED ESL. MI was dose dependent and shown decreased MI in animals treated with half dose of ESL. When NEF was administered with the ESL significantly decreased the MI as well as showed potent anticonvulsant activity when compared to control and ESL alone treated group. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in ESL group were observed to be increased against control group. Cotreatment of NEF results in decreased levels of AChE on comparison with control and the group treated with ESL. Conclusion: The reduced dose of ESL and NEF combination was found to have synergized the protecting effect against MI compared to normal ESL and NEF group without altering anticonvulsant activity. However, further studies are required to elicit detailed protective activity of NEF on MI induced by ESL.

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Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents—methodological consideration

Cited by 206 publications

References 106 publications

Downregulation of hippocampal NR2A/2B subunits related to cognitive impairment in a pristane-induced lupus BALB/c mice

Downregulation of hippocampal NR2A/2B subunits related to cognitive impairment in a pristane-induced lupus BALB/c mice

Deep learning-based behavioral analysis reaches human accuracy and is capable of outperforming commercial solutions

Eslicarbazepine and Memory Impairment in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Study on the Attenuating Effect of Nefiracetam

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