Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: The Magic Bullet for the Treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Diseases

“…Since aerosol droplet exposure is essential in vivo , ALI-dependent findings are considered a more significant source of direction than submerged in vivo acute pulmonary toxicity prediction studies. In touch with the latest state-of-the-art view, this study confirmed that ALI in vitro inhalation model was an assuring tool for further advancing in vitro inhalation toxicology methods …”

“…The ALI-based results represented the more accurate local acute lung toxicity, which mainly depends on the lungs’ in vivo aerosol droplet exposure rate. Hence, this ingenious study explicated that ALI in vitro inhalation model is an assuring tool to further develop in vitro methods in pulmonary toxicology study. , …”

“…Hence, this ingenious study explicated that ALI in vitro inhalation model is an assuring tool to further develop in vitro methods in pulmonary toxicology study. 277,278 Therefore, to assume the mode of action and other characteristics, nanomaterials for the PDDS require various metabolic profiling narrated to cells and tissue. Bannuscher, A. et al examined four types of SiO 2 variants, which differ in structure, size, and surface charge, by applying metabolic profiles to cells.…”

“…In touch with the latest state-of-theart view, this study confirmed that ALI in vitro inhalation model was an assuring tool for further advancing in vitro inhalation toxicology methods. 278 The anticancer activity of resveratrol (natural polyphenol) upon nonsmall-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) via conjugating with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (CD-RES) was investigated and characterized by Xuechun, W. et al The cell-based investigations indicated enhanced therapeutic efficacy and suggested the possibilities of cytotoxicity and apoptosis while holding antioxidant property. 292 There are barely a few excipients that can be used as carriers for pulmonary dry powder inhalation.…”

The air–liquid interface model

“…Although airborne particles and gaseous substances can be applied to ALI cultures in different doses to assess their effect, it is rather challenging to deposit the pollutants in a physiologically and environmentally relevant manner. The development of sophisticated exposure systems that facilitate prolonged and homogeneous exposure to air pollutants is essential to improve the translatability of these in vitro findings [176,177]. Furthermore, the use of fully differentiated human primary epithelial cells in ALI culture seems to be of great importance to optimally mimic the in vivo situation, as the response of these cells to air pollution is often dampened in comparison to the response of submerged primary epithelial cell cultures and immortalized cell lines [168,173,178À181].…”