Assessment of the acute toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes)

Lipotropes Protect against Pathogen-Aggravated Stress and Mortality in Low Dose Pesticide-Exposed Fish

“…Even sublethal/nonlethal environmental pollutants and pesticides like endosulfan (organochlorine lipophilic insecticide) and others at ecologically relevant doses cause immunosuppressive effects in several species [12], [13] including fish [14], affect recruitment (and reproduction), increase pathogen virulence [15] and delay development, decrease longevity, decrease foraging success and cause decline in species populations [16]. While acute toxicity aspects have been extensively investigated and there are a few discrete studies on sublethal toxicity effects in fish on cortisol secretion and glutathione-s-transferase [17] and immunological parameters [14], [18] along with an indication of increased susceptibility of juvenile Chinook salmon to vibriosis after exposure to chlorinated and aromatic compounds found in contaminated urban estuaries [19], comprehensive studies elucidating the physiological mechanisms of the nonlethal toxicity and concurrent pathogenic infections under experimental conditions along with counteractive measures are rarely attempted. This study was done in Labeo rohita , a commercially important freshwater carp species in the Indian subcontinent [20] contributing 80–90 percent of the carp polyculture, and almost a dozen species of this genus are endangered/threatened [4].…”

Human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in snappers ( Lutjanus ) fish from the Navachiste Lagoon complex, Mexico

“…Snappers are highly sensitive to these OCPs as they generate in them severe metabolic disturbances by being endocrine disruptors and highly neurotoxic (Ballesteros et al, 2009;Da Cuna et al, 2011;Nowak, 1992;Pérez-Ruzafa et al, 2000;Tellez-Banuelos et al, 2011). However, the samples were obtained from February 2012 to February 2013, it was only in that last year that endosulfan has been subjected to import restriction, and starting in December 2014 its use has been banned by the Mexican government.…”

Thein vitroandin vivoeffects of chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase activity of rainbow trout brain

“…The enzyme is thus inactivated and the hydroxyl group can no longer be hydrolysed. AChE inhibition is therefore irreversible and leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine, which finally causes neurotoxic changes, including the prevention of nerve impulses transmission and, interference of energy metabolism in the nervous system (Thompson & Richardson 2004;Da Cuna et al 2011). Uner et al (2006) reported that AChE inhibition caused degradation of acetylcholine, resulting in excessive stimulation of cholinergic nerves.…”

“…AChE inhibition is therefore irreversible and leads to the accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and, finally, to neurotoxicity (Thompson & Richardson 2004). AChE is thus an enzyme biomarker in pesticide-exposed fish (Da Cuna et al 2011).…”