Assessment of the Content of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids and Biologically Active Substances in Cow's Milk and Curd

Abstract

The present study aims to establish the content of natural trans fatty acids (TFA), biologically active and anticancerogenic components in cow's milk, obtained from the Bulgarian Rhodope Cattle breed and the curd produced by it during the lactation, and to evaluate the fatty acid composition of milk fat as a healthy source of human nutrition. The insurance of livestock with nutritional resource rich of linoleic and alpha linolenic acid on pasture grass rearing cows leads to an increase the quality in the fat fraction of milk in terms of biologically active fatty acids-omega-3, omega-6, CLA, trans and cis-fatty acids and decreases the amount of saturated fatty acids. The production of curd does not lead to substantial changes in the fatty acid composition resulting from well-conducted and respected technological processing. The assessment of the lipid preventive score, atherogenic and thrombogenic index in the milk and the curds produced by it give us an idea of the usefulness of the given product-high lipid preventive score and atherogenic index (over 1.0) and low cholesterolemic index (less than 1.0). The studied cow's milk are characterized by product as low content of trans fatty acids (from 0.11 to 0.21 g / 100 ml product) and high amount of saturated fatty acids, the results obtained of curd are similarly-product with low content of trans fatty acids (0.34 to 1.09 g/100g product) and a high amount of saturated fatty acid content (from 12.63 to 19.96 g/100g product).

Nutritional Indices for Assessing Fatty Acids: A Mini-Review

“…The HH was first used in research on ruminants [ 46 , 77 , 91 ], which was subsequently extended to dairy products [ 54 , 55 , 78 , 86 , 87 ], marine products [ 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 72 , 90 ] , and other fields [ 47 , 48 , 52 , 62 ]. Paiva et al selected four Azorean macroalgae and used the HH as one of the indices to evaluate their nutritional and health promoting aspects, and found that the HH value ranges from 1.26 to 2.09 [ 90 ].…”

“…The TFA index is currently used in seaweed [ 90 ], lamb [ 45 ], milk [ 78 ], fish [ 35 ], and plant oil [ 32 , 33 , 110 ]. Skałecki et al compared the fatty acid profiles of Prussian Carp fish ( Carassius gibelio ) fillets with and without skin; the share of TFA was the same in both types [ 35 ].…”

“…Seaweeds [27][28][29]58,59], crops [30,31,60,61], plant oil [62], shellfish [63], shrimp [64], fish [36][37][38][39][65][66][67][68][70][71][72][73], meat [43,48,50,52,53,75,77], and dairy products [54,55,78,80,[86][87][88][89] 4 HH Hypocholesterolemic /hypercholesterolemic ratio (cis-C18:1 + ΣPUFA)/(C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0)…”

“…Seaweeds [90], plant oil [62], shellfish [34], fish [34,[36][37][38][39]72], meat [46][47][48]52,77,91], and dairy products [54,55,78,86,87] 5 HPI Health-promoting index ΣUFA/[C12:0+(4 × C14:0) + C16:0] Milk [92][93][94] and cheese [57,94,95] 6 UI Unsaturation index 1 × (% monoenoics) + 2 × (% dienoics) + 3 × (% trienoics) + 4 × (% tetraenoics) + 5 × (% pentaenoics) + 6 × (% hexaenoics)…”

“…Seaweeds [27][28][29]59,[96][97][98], crops [61,99,100], meat [44,101], and milk [102] 7 EPA + DHA Sum of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 + C20:5 n-3 Shellfish [34] and fish [34,36,37,40,68 [32,33,110], fish [35], lamb [45], and milk [78] 2.1. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid/Saturated Fatty Acid (PUFA/SFA) PUFA/SFA is an index normally used to assess the impact of diet on cardiovascular health (CVH).…”