Assessment of the neutralizing potency of antisera raised against native and γ-irradiated <i>Naja nigricollis</i> (black-necked spitting cobra) venom in rabbits, concerning its cardiotoxic effect

Abdou, Fatma Y.; Denshary, Ezz El Deen El; Shaaban, Esmat A.; Mohamed, Marwa Abdelhameed

doi:10.1177/0960327117730880

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Ionizing radiation has been studied over the years for causing changes in the structure of proteins and for contributing to decrease the toxicity of molecules [59][60][61]. This conformational change and fragmentation occur through degradation and other actions caused by the direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation, where direct effects of radiation are caused when gamma rays and high-energy electrons interact directly with molecules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the importance of TeNT for the production and commercialization of vaccines and the promising use of ionizing radiation for the improvement of immunogens and the proposal of new vaccine candidates, since these irradiated molecules demonstrated an improvement in their immunogenic properties and a robust immune response without the use of adjuvants and chemical treatments for inactivation, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 60 Co gamma radiation on concentrated (unpurified) TeNT and its residual enzymatic activity following irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and evaluation of the enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin submitted to cobalt-60 gamma radiation

Sartori

Costa

Macarini

et al. 2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Background: Tetanus toxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and causes tetanus and its main form of prevention is through vaccination. The vaccine is produced by inactivation of tetanus toxin with formaldehyde, which may cause side effects. An alternative way is the use of ionizing radiation for inactivation of the toxin and also to improve the potential immunogenic response and to reduce the post-vaccination side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the tetanus toxin structure after different doses of ionizing radiation of 60 Co. Methods: Irradiated and native tetanus toxin was characterized by SDS PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions and MALD-TOF. Enzymatic activity was measured by FRET substrate. Also, antigenic properties were assessed by ELISA and Western Blot data. Results: Characterization analysis revealed gradual modification on the tetanus toxin structure according to doses increase. Also, fragmentation and possible aggregations of the protein fragments were observed in higher doses. In the analysis of peptide preservation by enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry, there was a slight modification in the identification up to the dose of 4 kGy. At subsequent doses, peptide identification was minimal. The analysis of the enzymatic activity by fluorescence showed 35 % attenuation in the activity even at higher doses. In the antigenic evaluation, anti-tetanus toxin

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and evaluation of the enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin submitted to cobalt-60 gamma radiation

Sartori

Costa

Macarini

et al. 2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…Typically, elapidaes express neurotoxic venoms. However, these ophidia never cease to evolve surprises as it have been showed that the venom of the black-necked spitting cobra, Naja nigricollis demonstrated cardiotoxic effects [43,44]. In another twist, the following African spitting cobras, Naja mossambica, N. nigricincta, N. nigricollis, N. pallid, N. ashei, N. katiensis, and N. nubiae demonstrated potent anticoagulant activity in their venom arising from strong inhibition of Factor Xa [45,46].…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compendium of medically important snakes, venom activity and clinical presentations in Ghana

et al. 2023

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Background Snake bite envenoming (SBE) is one neglected tropical disease that has not received the needed attention. The sequelae of burdensome disability and mortality impact the socioeconomic life of communities adversely with little documentation of SBE in health facility records in Ghana. This study details SBE and snake distribution, habits/habitats, type of venom expressed and clinical manifestations. Methodology We conducted a structured thematic desk review of peer reviewed papers, books and reports from repositories including PubMed, WHO and WCH using bibliographic software EndNote and search engine Google Scholar with the following key words; snakes, medical importance, snake bites, venom and venom type, envenomation, symptoms and signs, vaccines, venom expenditure, strike behaviour and venom-metering + Ghana, West Africa, Africa, World. We also reviewed data from the District Health Information Management System (DHIMS) of the Ghana Health Service (GHS). Outcome variables were organized as follows: common name (s), species, habitat/habit, species-specific toxin, clinical manifestation, antivenom availability, WHO category. Findings Snake bites and SBE were grouped by the activity of the expressed venom into neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, haemorrhagic, cytotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic and procoagulants. Neurotoxic snake bites were largely due to elapids. Expressed venoms with cardiotoxic, haemorrhagic, nephrotoxic and procoagulant activities principally belonged to the family Viperidae. Snakes with venoms showing myotoxic activity were largely alien to Ghana and the West African sub-region. Venoms showing cytotoxic activity are expressed by a wide range of snakes though more prevalent among the Viperidae family. Snakes with neurotoxic and haemorrhagic venom activities are prevalent across all the agro-ecological zones in Ghana. Conclusion/Significance Understanding the characteristics of snakes and their venoms is useful in the management of SBE. The distribution of snakes by their expressed venoms across the agro-ecological zones is also instructive to species identification and diagnosis of SBE.

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“…A third venom-dependent approach that has been investigated has included chemical deactivation of whole venom or toxin fractions used to generate antiserum with an increased neutralization capacity, by enabling higher immunization dosages due to lowered toxicity. This deactivation has been mediated by gamma radiation [ 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ], reaction with glutaraldehyde [ 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 ], iodination [ 164 , 165 ], alkylation [ 166 ], or reaction with formaldehyde [ 119 ]. In 1998, very high neutralization capacities were reported by Heneine & Heneine, who used rabbit antiserum to neutralize up to 30 LD 50 s of T. serrulatus scorpion venom in vitro [ 165 ].…”

Section: Alternative Venom-dependent Immunization Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development

Bermúdez-Méndez

Fuglsang-Madsen

Føns

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.

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Assessment of the neutralizing potency of antisera raised against native and γ-irradiated Naja nigricollis (black-necked spitting cobra) venom in rabbits, concerning its cardiotoxic effect

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

Characterization and evaluation of the enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin submitted to cobalt-60 gamma radiation

Characterization and evaluation of the enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin submitted to cobalt-60 gamma radiation

Compendium of medically important snakes, venom activity and clinical presentations in Ghana

Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development

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