Assessment of the Performance of Evaporation Suppressant Films: Analysis and Limitations of Simple Trialling Methods

Hancock, Nicola; Pittaway, PA; Symes, TW

doi:10.1080/14488388.2011.11464835

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Monomolecular films applied to lake surfaces for evaporation retardation are greatly affected by the local wind speed and direction [49]- [52]. In field studies at Lake Hefner in Oklahoma, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation researchers found the wind to be the most important single factor in the application and maintenance of a film When the wind velocity increases beyond 12 to 15 km.…”

Section: Dependence Of Evaporation Control On the Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation Retardation by Monomolecular Layers: An Experimental Study at the Aji Reservoir (India)

Panjabi¹,

Rudra²,

Goel³

2016

OJCE

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It is an established fact that huge quantities of water are lost from lakes, reservoirs and soils by evaporation. This assumes greater significance in arid and semi-arid regions around the globe when a general scarcity of water is compounded by high evaporation loss from the open water surfaces of lakes and reservoirs. The use of surface covering by a monomolecular film to reduce evaporation loss from large open water surfaces offers the greatest promise among all currently available techniques. This is the only system that retains the water surface in a state that does not interfere with other uses of the body of water such as boating, navigation recreation, fish, and wildlife propagation. Various experiments and field trials worldwide have proven conclusively that the fatty alcohols and their emulsions effectively retard water evaporation and result in saving to the tune of about 20% to 50%. An experiment was carried out at the Aji Reservoir (India) using a mixture of Cetyl and Stearyl alcohol that confirmed 19.26% saving in evaporation loss. During this six-month trial, about 0.18 mcum of water was saved which otherwise might have evaporated.

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Section: Dependence Of Evaporation Control On the Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation Retardation by Monomolecular Layers: An Experimental Study at the Aji Reservoir (India)

Panjabi¹,

Rudra²,

Goel³

2016

OJCE

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“…In our review, only papers specifying light reduction and evaporation reduction values from paired water storages of at least the size of Class A evaporation pans (0.25 m depth, 1.207 m diameter) were selected, as the use of smaller containers increases the error margin of the calculation (Hancock et al., 2011). Simple linear regression (SigmaPlot 14, Systat Software Inc.) was used to compare the reduction in evaporation achieved by installing a cover (Equation ), with the capacity of the fabric to reduce light transmission (Equation ; R 2 = 0.683, standard error of estimate 7.062).…”

Section: Mode Of Action Environmental Impact and Performance Of Suspe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one trial, chemical leachate from a recently replaced high‐density polyethylene tank liner had a greater impact on aquatic microbes than twice‐weekly applications of a stearyl alcohol monolayer formulation (each dose of 0.28 ml m −2 equivalent to six times a monomolecular thickness; Pittaway, Martínez‐Alvarez, et al., 2015). The inclusion of hydrated lime in powdered monolayer formulations of cetyl and stearyl alcohol (Barnes, 2008; Mozafari et al., 2019; Nejatian et al., 2022) has the potential to adversely affect microlayer processes, as in two trials the lime rapidly increased the pH of microlayer water samples (7.9–10.2, and 8.2–10.8; Hancock et al., 2011). Many aquatic organisms surfacing at the air–water interface to breathe, including fish and aquatic larvae, may be adversely affected by this sudden rise in pH.…”

Section: Mode Of Action Environmental Impact and Performance Of Monom...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multimolecular chemical films have a greater potential to adversely affect biological and physical processes across the microlayer than monomolecular films, due to the greater thickness and resilience of the film (Pittaway & van den Ancker, 2010). Only two multimolecular films have been trialed in the literature, a food‐grade, biodegradable silicone‐based oil (polydimethylsiloxane) commercially developed for agricultural applications (Hancock et al., 2011, Table 5), and liquid paraffin applied experimentally to a salt gradient pond to reduce the latent heat loss of evaporation (Sayer et al., 2017). The application rate of the silicone‐based product varied from 7 to 50 L ha −1 .…”

Section: Mode Of Action Environmental Impact and Performance Of Multi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application rate of the silicone‐based product varied from 7 to 50 L ha −1 . The silicone‐based film does not self‐spread as readily as monolayers but is more resistant to wind turbulence (Hancock et al., 2011), requiring re‐application every 10–20 days (information provided by supplier; see Table 5).…”

Section: Mode Of Action Environmental Impact and Performance Of Multi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaporative loss and environmental impact of covers on water storages: A review

2023

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Commercial products to reduce evaporation from water storages have been developed since the 1960s. Categorised as suspended and floating continuous covers, floating modular covers, and monomolecular (monolayer) and multimolecular chemical films, product adoption by agricultural water managers is low. The role of evaporation reduction in improving water use efficiency is well established, but information on the suitability of product categories for farm water storages is lacking. We reviewed the environmental and operational performance of commercial evaporation reduction products using published and supplier information on design, mode of action, installation, operation, maintenance, the evaporation reduction achieved, and the impact on water quality, to analyze the suitability of the five product classes for water storages ranging in size from ≤2 to 100 ha. Span loading, cable tensioning and anchorage limit continuous covers to storages ≤2 ha. The cover fabric must reduce light transmittance by 80%, to reduce evaporation by 71%. Ballasting, tethering, and removal during dry times limit the use of continuous floating covers to storages ≤2 ha, managed close to full capacity. Floating modules must cover 88% of the surface to reduce evaporation by 70%, limiting their use to storages of ≤5 ha. Monolayer application is more flexible, but smart product selection and automated application strategies are required to improve performance. The number of application sites required to achieve full surface coverage limits monolayer use to storages ≤100 ha. Higher rates of application and poor self-spreading may limit multimolecular films to storages ≤10 ha.

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Evaporation Estimation of the Gecitkoy Reservoir Using MODIS and Review of Various Evaporation Suppression Methods

Zaizay,

Kiraz

2024

Environmental Earth Sciences

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Assessment of the Performance of Evaporation Suppressant Films: Analysis and Limitations of Simple Trialling Methods

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Evaporation Retardation by Monomolecular Layers: An Experimental Study at the Aji Reservoir (India)

Evaporation Retardation by Monomolecular Layers: An Experimental Study at the Aji Reservoir (India)

Evaporative loss and environmental impact of covers on water storages: A review

Evaporation Estimation of the Gecitkoy Reservoir Using MODIS and Review of Various Evaporation Suppression Methods

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