Assessment of thyroid functions and thyroid volume in normal pregnant Egyptian females

Elebrashy, Ibrahim; Eldein, Hebat-Allah Kamal; Abd-Elstar, Hoda; Ghanem, Nashwa; Mousa, Shrook; Assem, Maha; Rashed, Laila Ahmed; Salit, Mohamed; Abd-Elraoof, Maged; Dorgham, Ahmed; Mansour, Ahmed; Mahmoud, Mohamed E.; Saif, Aasem

doi:10.1080/09513590.2019.1631279

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, in the studies evaluated, one study had demonstrated a non-significant positive correlation with age during pregnancy implying that females with older age tend to have higher thyroid volume than their younger counterparts. 6 In few studies there was no correlation of thyroid volume in pregnant females with age. 16,17 We also found a positive correlation of age and thyroid volume though it was insignificant.…”

Section: Anthropometric Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As per the studies reviewed, thyroid gland volume was significantly higher in pregnant group than non-pregnant group and 1st trimester group as seen in Table 1. 3,[6][7][8][9][10] It was found to be increasing with each trimester with maximum volume found in 3rd trimester. As per some studies, the increase in thyroid volume was significant from nonpregnant status, while in some studies there was a nonsignificant increase in thyroid volume.…”

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As per some studies, the increase in thyroid volume was significant from nonpregnant status, while in some studies there was a nonsignificant increase in thyroid volume. 6,7 However, few studies which were done in iodine sufficient areas, have not reported any increase in thyroid volume with the advancement of pregnancy. [11][12][13][14] Thyroid volume from the reviewed literature are depicted in Table 2.…”

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of thyroid gland characteristics in pregnancy using ultrasonography as an assessment tool

Agrawal

Shukla

Taya

2022

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Thyroid gland is one of the most common gland affected during pregnancy as it responds to the increased physiological demands of iodine and energy during pregnancy. Any thyroid dysfunction can result in abortion, preterm labor or affects fetal neurodevelopment. Various anthropometric factors or genetic factors apart from iodine intake are known to affect the size of thyroid gland. Changes in thyroid gland morphology can be easily measured using ultrasonography as clinically the enlargement can be labelled as goiter. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the changes in thyroid gland during pregnancy and assess the different factors affecting its size across the various studies as the literature data concerning the thyroid gland enlargement during pregnancy is controversial. Various articles on thyroid volume changes during pregnancy from literature were reviewed along with a cross-sectional observation done in a government hospital setup in India, on 240 patients who were divided into 4 groups of 60 patients each which included non-pregnant females in group 1 and pregnant females in all three trimesters respectively in the rest 3 groups. Thyroid gland morphology and its characteristics such as volume, nodularity, echogenicity and vascularity were measured using high frequency ultrasonography in each group and then compared. Thyroid volume in the third trimester group (7.24±1.16 ml) was found to be significantly greater (p<0.001) than in the non-pregnant group (5.44±0.82 ml). BMI was found to be the highest in third trimester group as expected. Even in iodine sufficient areas we found thyroid gland volume to increase during pregnancy from non-pregnant group along with thyroid gland nodularity. Vascularity assessed based on CDFS pattern shows pattern I to be most common. Variation in thyroid gland characteristics between pregnant and non-pregnant controls was found.

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Section: Anthropometric Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of thyroid gland characteristics in pregnancy using ultrasonography as an assessment tool

Agrawal

Shukla

Taya

2022

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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“…Between September 2011 and December 2011, a study of 168 pregnant women in various trimesters (85 in the first trimester) who visited the outpatient obstetric clinic at Ain Shams University Hospital (Cairo, Egypt) for antenatal care found that 56 percent (n = 94) of the patients (all pregnant females) had TSH>2.5 m IU/L (19) . Also another study done by Elebrashy et al (20) conducted on 150 normal pregnant Egyptian females, recruited from Cairo University Hospital 50 of them in the first trimester with TSH ranges were 0.21-1.7 mIU/L.…”

Section: Xing Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted by Springer et al (22) on 5520 randomly chosen pregnant females in their first trimester of pregnancy, TPO ab>143 kIU/l was found to be elevated in 549 women (about 9.95 percent ). Elebrashy et al (20) conducted a study on 150 normal pregnant Egyptian females recruited from Cairo University Hospital Antenatal Care Clinic (50 in each trimester) and a control group of 40 age-matched nonpregnant females. The mean TPO was likewise high in this research, which was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a high specificity but poorer sensitivity than our immunofluorescence technique for TPO abs detection.…”

Section: Xing Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Urinary Iodine Level and Its Relation to Thyroid Function in Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Females in 1st Trimester

Elbaky

Nasr

Anwr

et al. 2021

Ain Shams Medical Journal

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Background: Thyroid disorders are considered the second most common endocrine disorders affecting women during their reproductive years and can impact up to 4% of all pregnancies. Of all thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is the most prevalent, impacting approximately 2-3% of all pregnancies. Hyperthyroidism is far less prevalent, impacting approximately 0.2% of all pregnancies. Aim of the Work: To assess the level of urinary iodine in 1st trimester of pregnancy and its relation with thyroid hormones level and autoimmunity status. Subjects and Methods:To elucidate this aim 100 healthy pregnant female in their 1st trimester of pregnancy were included in the study. They were collected from Obstetrics and Gynecology Department El Demerdash hospital and Dar El shefa Hospital in the period from September, 2020 to November, 2020.Results: Median urinary iodine was 55(41.0-76.0) µg/l and their was99 females had insufficient iodine intake less than 150µg /l, one had adequate intake (150-249) µg /l and none showed more than necessary intake (250-499) µg /l or excessive intake more than 500 µg /l. As regard thyroid ultrasound there was normal Thyroid volume in 94 subjects,(94.0%)., increased volume in 6 subjects (6%). There was a Significant negative correlation between each of the following the age and the gestational age; and urinary iodine Conclusion: There was a significant iodine deficiency in pregnant women within the study area, indicating that some women may need to increase their iodine intake during pregnancy. Additionally, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy should be based on pregnancy and method specific reference intervals, and more detailed staging is needed to assess pregnant women's thyroid function.

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Influencing Factors and New Reference Intervals of Adult Thyroid Volume in Iodine-Sufficient Areas of China

Lin¹,

Lu²,

Teng³

et al. 2023

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The diagnosis of goiter is based on the thyroid volume measured by ultrasound in which iodine plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect thyroid volume and update the reference range of thyroid volume to provide a new basis for the diagnosis and treatment of goiter. A study population from mainland China was evaluated in the Thyroid disorders, Iodine status and Diabetes Epidemiological (TIDE) study. Thyroid size was measured by ultrasound, and thyroid volume was calculated. A quantile regression model was used to analyze the influence of related factors on the thyroid volume at each percentile. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 185.54 μg/l. The quantile regression model suggested that body surface area (BSA) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were positive and negative factors for thyroid volume, respectively (p < 0.01). Excess iodine reduces the median and lower limits of thyroid volume. In iodine-sufficient areas, smoking is no longer a risk factor. The reference value range of thyroid volume stratified by sex was 3.92–19.06 ml for males and 3.1–16.17 ml for females. The maximum reference ranges for stratification by sex and BSA were 4.25–20.98 ml for men and 3.44–18.31 ml for women. The iodine nutrition level of the population in mainland China is sufficient. Iodine has the potential to alter the effect of certain factors on thyroid volume and effect is not regional. The new reference interval of adult thyroid volume based on sex and BSA has been updated, which can be used as a reliable reference for updating the diagnostic criteria of endemic goiter.

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Assessment of thyroid functions and thyroid volume in normal pregnant Egyptian females

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Overview of thyroid gland characteristics in pregnancy using ultrasonography as an assessment tool

Overview of thyroid gland characteristics in pregnancy using ultrasonography as an assessment tool

Assessment of Urinary Iodine Level and Its Relation to Thyroid Function in Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Females in 1st Trimester

Influencing Factors and New Reference Intervals of Adult Thyroid Volume in Iodine-Sufficient Areas of China

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