Assessment of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 level in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial

Abstract

BackgroundOrthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is based on induction of periodontal tissue remodeling. Mechanical tooth stimulation results in the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. These mediators cause bone resorption and deposition at the pressure and tension sites and play a role in OTM. Thus, assessment of chemical biomarkers can help determine the exact amount of load and its duration of application required for each tooth and select the most efficient treatment plan with minimal complications.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during OTM.MethodsThis randomized split-mouth clinical trial (parallel) was performed on 10 patients who were presenting to the Orthodontic Department of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from November 2015 to June 2016. A canine tooth was randomly selected as the study group and subjected to distalization force while the contralateral canine tooth served as control. Using paper strip, GCF was collected from the study and control teeth prior to orthodontic force application (T0), one hour after (T1) and 28 days after force application (T2), then the level of TNFα and IL-6 was measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 via Friedman and Wilcoxon test, and considering the significance level at p<0.05.ResultsThe level of TNFα (p=0.0799) and IL-6 (p=0.678) at both sides of study teeth was higher than both side of control teeth at T1. Also, the level of IL-6 (p=0.515) and TNFα (p=0.508) were higher at the tension side compared to the pressure side; but the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionDue to the free circulation of GCF in gingival sulcus, the level of mediators in the GCF collected from the mesial and distal areas alone cannot serve as a suitable index for assessment of activity at the tension and pressure sites.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with the IRCT ID: IRCT2017030632903N2.FundingThe present study was supported by a grant from the Research Council, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran (thesis no.: 40).

NLRP3 inflammasome mediates M1 macrophage polarization and IL‐1β production in inflammatory root resorption

“…Among these cytokines, IL‐1β and IL‐6, which induce the synthesis of nuclear factor‐κB receptor activating factor ligand (RANKL) in periodontal ligament fibroblasts to promote osteoclast differentiation, resulting in the development of RR, have been the most investigated (Kikuta, Yamaguchi, Shimizu, Yoshino, & Kasai, ; Kirschneck, Maurer, Wolf, Reicheneder, & Proff, ). Other cytokines, such as IL‐7, IL‐8, and TNF‐α, can also induce osteoclastogenesis and promote the function of osteoclasts (Ahuja et al, ; Padisar, Hashemi, Naseh, Nikfarjam, & Mohammadi, ). Although various inflammatory factors play a role in RR, the specific origins of these inflammatory factors are not yet clear.…”

“…(D) Statistical analysis of differences in MCP-1 expression in the periodontium. *p < .05, **p < .01 IL-8, and TNF-α, can also induce osteoclastogenesis and promote the function of osteoclasts (Ahuja et al, 2017;Padisar, Hashemi, Naseh, Nikfarjam, & Mohammadi, 2018). Although various inflammatory factors play a role in RR, the specific origins of these inflammatory factors are not yet clear.…”

Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

“…In addition, TNF-α is expressed in the PDL and alveolar bone during orthodontic tooth movement [ 64 , 65 ]. Moreover, in GCF studies during OTM, many reports have shown that PGE, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α can be detected in compression and/or tension side [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Therefore, these inflammatory cytokines intricately intertwined with one another during OTM, and play important roles in bone remodeling.…”

Comparison of TNF-α and IL-1β Concentrations in Gingival Crevicular Fluid During Early Alignment Stage of Orthodontic Treatment in Adults and Adolescents

“…Other authors also report a similar increase in TNFα in the initial 24-hour time interval vs. baseline [24,25]. It was also revealed that concentration of TNF-α in force area was higher than the control side [26]. TNF-α is expressed in the force-applied area of the tooth and has a significant role in mechanical tooth movement [27].…”

“…TNF-α is expressed in the force-applied area of the tooth and has a significant role in mechanical tooth movement [27]. Orthodontic tooth movement increases TNF-α in the area surrounding the periodontal tissue [26].…”