Assessment of two natural wastewater treatment technologies to improve drainage water quality in the Nile Delta

Abstract

The conventional treatment techniques are efficient in wastewater treatment but their construction and operation costs are high. Natural treatment such as offstream and in-stream wetlands proved to be effective, feasible and require low operation/maintenance costs, and no trained labor or added chemicals are required. These techniques have been applied in Egypt at a pilot scale. Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland (LMEW) on Bahr El-Baqar drain and Passive Instream Wetland (PIW) in Faraa El-Bahwo drain are some of these projects. The objective of this study is to investigate the technical applicability of those two natural treatment techniques in the Nile Delta and assess the suitability of the treated effluent for reuse in agriculture. Both systems were visited to evaluate physical characteristics and design elements of each treatment system. Water samples were collected at different stages of each treatment system. The collected samples were analyzed for the Fecal Coliform (FC), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Monitoring results of LMEW showed that the overall treatment efficiency varies depending on the type and behavior of each pollutant. The removal efficiency in LMEW was as high as 98% for FC and as low as 57% for BOD. For PIW, the results showed that the overall treatment efficiency varies from 97.5% for FC to 38% for TP. For both treatment systems, the results show the possibility of reusing the treated water in irrigation according to the local regulations.

Improving drainage water quality: Constructed wetlands-performance assessment using multivariate and cost analysis

“…The plant was successfully used in a Passive In-stream Wetland to significantly reduce fecal coliform (FC) levels. However, its ability to reduce phosphorus (PO4) was clearly limited (Rashed et al, 2007;El Hawary, 2015).…”

“…The removal efficiency was relatively high for FC. However, this efficiency was clearly low for biological oxygen demand (BOD) and (PO4) (Rashed et al, 2007;El Hawary, 2015).…”

“…The present study aims at characterizing the performance of three common plant species in Egypt (water hyacinth (WH), reed (RD) and duckweed (DW)) to remove water pollutants using constructed wetland that receives wastewater from Bahr El-Baqar drain as a highly polluted agricultural drain. In Egypt, these plants were tested in different regions under dissimilar environmental conditions (Abou EL-Kheir et al, 2007;Rashed et al, 2007;Allam et al, 2014;El Hawary, 2015). Therefore, this study will combine the separate cells all in one experimental field through plantation under the same setting.…”