Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Cultural Frame Switching

Cheng, Chi‐Ying; Lee, Fiona; Benet‐Martínez, Verónica

doi:10.1177/0022022106292081

Cited by 136 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Participants in this study were overall more acculturated with Chinese culture ( M = 3.78, SD = 0.43) than American culture ( M = 3.25, SD = 0.42), t (136) = −10.31, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.88, in line with past studies on biculturals that have also shown similar acculturation patterns (Tsai et al, 2000; Benet-Martínez et al, 2002; Benet-Martínez and Haritatos, 2005; Cheng et al, 2006; Miramontez et al, 2008; Zou et al, 2008). Therefore, despite the differences found in the levels of acculturation in American and Chinese cultures, the sample was bicultural due to being acculturated with both cultures to some extent.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?

Chiou

Mercado

2016

Front. Psychol.

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Biculturals are individuals who are acculturated in two cultures and have dual identities. Due to this, many early discussions on biculturalism argued that biculturals may have divided loyalties between their two cultural backgrounds and the identities derived from these backgrounds. This view is further highlighted given historical and contemporary debate regarding immigrants in the European and American political arenas. These concerns illustrate two possibilities. First, that biculturals have a preference for their home or host culture, identifying one as the in-group to express loyalty toward and the other as the out-group. Second, biculturals may alternate between who they identify as their in-group depending upon the circumstances. In a particular cultural environment, a given bicultural may feel greater degrees of loyalty toward that culture, while feeling different loyalties when immersed in a different cultural environment. To-date, few empirical studies have examined these two questions in detail. We proposed two hypotheses: First, biculturals will express higher levels of loyalty for a specific culture if they have been exposed to a prime congruent with that culture than if they have been exposed to a prime associated with a different culture. Second, the magnitude of preferences expressed for the two cultures will differ depending on the cultural prime. We experimentally investigated this phenomenon in a sample of Chinese-Americans (N = 136) using a computer simulated soccer game between the United States and China. This simulation was selected in order to avoid the controversial nature of an immigration or cultural conflict scenario. Past research has shown that support for the sports team of a given country is a form of expressing loyalty. Participants were randomly exposed to one cultural priming condition (American, Neutral, Chinese) using commentaries recorded in different languages: English, no commentary, and Chinese. Participants were then asked to what degree they would cheer for each team. Participants expressed more likelihood to cheer for the Chinese team than for the American team. However, our results indicate that cultural priming does influence the degree to which the participants express loyalty for the Chinese team over the American team in the form of rooting behaviors.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?

Chiou

Mercado

2016

Front. Psychol.

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“…In this paper, we have focused on effects that might be termed assimilative. However, one might hypothesize: To the extent that an action raises the salience of an ideal that the person believes they either cannot meet or do not want to meet, the effect may be to produce contrastive behavior (Cheng, Lee, & Benet-Martinez, 2006;Dijksterhuis et al, 1998;Herr, Sherman, & Fazio, 1983;Likowski et al, 2008;Mussweiler, 2006;Schubert & Hafner, 2003). (3) In the present paper, we have focused on what might be called hard embodiment-that is, the way ideals, values, action tendencies, and so on are embodied in the way we actually move and comport our physical bodies.…”

Section: Complexities Of Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hard embodiment of culture

Cohen

Leung

2009

Euro J Social Psych

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The way humans move and comport their bodies is one way they (literally) carry their culture. In pre-wired embodiments, body comportment triggers basic, evolutionarily prepared affective and cognitive reactions that subsequently prime more complex representations. Culture suffuses this process, because (1) cultural artifacts, affordances, and practices make certain body comportments more likely, (2) cultural practices, rituals, schemas, and rules promote the learning of an otherwise underspecified connection between a given body comportment and a particular basic reaction, and (3) cultural meaning systems elaborate basic affective and cognitive reactions into more complex representations. These points are illustrated with three experiments that examine how moral systems can become embodied. We also discuss totem embodiments, in which cultural practices and rituals establish connections between body comportment and complex cultural representations, without the aid of any evolutionarily prepared connection to basic affective and cognitive states.

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“…Such effects are interesting from the perspective of acculturation theory, which emphasizes a bidimensional approach, in which orientation toward both cultures is taken into account (Sam & Berry, 2010). Moreover, if orientation toward one culture increases, and simultaneously orientation toward the other decreases, this possibly suggests the experience of incompatibility between both cultures (Cheng, Lee, & Benet-Martinez, 2006; Ward, 2013). In the present study, such an effect was confined to the Antillean Dutch group, which is interesting because it suggests specific acculturation patterns of this group (on whom detailed insights in acculturation patterns are scarce).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Cultural Mental State Reading Ability in Antillean Dutch, Moroccan Dutch, and Dutch Young Adults

Meulen

Ruyter

Blokland

et al. 2019

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Understanding how bicultural and monocultural individuals are oriented toward the cultures they come into frequent contact with can increase insights into their adaptation and wellbeing. Previous research has shown a relation between culture and mental state reading in the form of the cultural in-group effect, which is defined as the advantage in reading mental states from the own cultural group compared with other groups. Thus, orientation toward cultures can be assessed not only in self-reported behavioral and psychological acculturation but also in the domain of social-cognitive abilities. The aim of the current research is to gain insight into acculturation in the social-cognitive ability of mental state reading. In addition, it explores how this facet of acculturation is related to the more traditionally studied behavioral and psychological acculturation. Cross-cultural mental state reading, language and possession of friends (behavioral acculturation), and cultural identification (psychological acculturation) were assessed in Antillean Dutch (n = 128), Moroccan Dutch (n = 204), and Dutch (n = 349) young adults between 19 and 24 years old (M = 21.57 years, SD = 1.38 years). For cross-cultural mental state reading, the in-group effect was confirmed for the Dutch but not for the Antillean Dutch and Moroccan Dutch participants. Furthermore, there were no consistent associations between mental state reading and behavioral and psychological acculturation in the three groups. The present results extend fundamental research on cross-cultural mental state reading and also help to further understand the orientation of these specific cultural groups.

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Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Cultural Frame Switching

Cited by 136 publications

References 45 publications

Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?

Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?

The hard embodiment of culture

Cross-Cultural Mental State Reading Ability in Antillean Dutch, Moroccan Dutch, and Dutch Young Adults

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