Association between Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Staphylococcus Lentus Isolated from Urinary Catheterized Patients

Abstract

Staphylococcus lentus (S. lentus) is a coagulase negative gram positive cocci recognized as opportunistic pathogens and rarely forming biofilm; it has many virulence factors, but recently caused nosocomial and community infections. Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus lentus may be associated with the ability to resist antibiotics which leads to increase in mortality rate due to the difficulty in eradicate infections. To evaluate the biofilm forming capacity of Staphylococcus lentus and its susceptibility to antibiotics, phenotypic and genotypic assays were used. Among 28 biofilm bacteria, Staphylococcus lentus was isolated and identified from urine catheterized patients who were hospitalized in different departments of four Iraqi hospitals (Al-Diwaniyah Teaching, Al-Hilla Teaching, Al Qassim and Al Hashimiyah Hospitals). Staphylococcus lentus was examined for detection of biofilm formation by detecting icaA gene, the intercellular adhesion gene which expressed adhesion factor to form biofilm in staphylococci by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method and VITEK2 system according to guidelines of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Three isolates of Staphylococcus lentus revealed the ability to form biofilm phenotypically which contained icaA gene with 100% antibiotics resistance to penicillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, oxacillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and 0% antibiotics resistance to azithromycin. icaA genes are present in Staphylococcus lentus and responsible for biofilm formation which is considered as the indicator; biofilm formation is a strong cause of multidrug resistance in bacteria.

Antimicrobial Effect of Eco- Friendly Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis by Iraqi Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on Gram-Negative Biofilm-Forming Bacteria

“…Ksontini and co author, pointed that dairy biofilm formation depends on the types of surface material and bacterial community that investigated the biofilm formation based on thermodynamic approach (17). Antibiotic susceptibility profile by Vitek AST to K. pneumonia and E. coli (Table 1) revealed that both biofilm forming bacteria were resistant to most antibiotics used in this test which was confirmed by the previous studies (18,19). The MIC breakpoints according to M100 (20)…”

“…The biofilm-forming bacteria displayed antibiotics resistant patterns. Many studies approved that biofilm bacteria were multi-drug resistance bacteria (18,19,21,22). The reasons behind their resistance were antibiotics penetration difficulty(23), extracellular matrix act at shield and chelating agent (24) and low bacterial metabolic state (25).…”

Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus spp. of Poultry Origin

“…Moreover, S. lentus is frequently reported to be isolated from poultry sources along with other coagulase-negative staphylococci [ 20 , 33 , 34 ]. However, they are not considered prominent poultry pathogens, although they are associated with various lesions in commercial poultry flocks [ 35 ]. But the most threatening concern of staphylococci from animal sources is to transfer antibiotic resistance genes to human pathogens [ 20 ] as well as dissemination of the disinfectant resistance genes [ 11 ].…”

“…Besides, biofilm interferes with the efficacy of the disinfectants making the organisms 1000 times more resistant to disinfectants [ 9 ]. On top of that, biofilm-forming property is the major virulence factor and prime cause of multidrug resistance in S. lentus [ 35 ], while isolates of S. lentus in this study included both strong and moderate biofilm producers. On the other hand, only 1 isolate of M. luteus was strong biofilm producer and all M. aloeverae were weak biofilm producers, although in vitro monoculture of micrococci might show lesser biofilm-forming ability compared to their ability at natural environment because of the association with other species [ 9 ].…”

Boosting Antimicrobial Activity of Imipenem in Combination with Silver Nanoparticles towards S. fonticola and Pantoea sp.

“…For instance, S. typhi has demonstrated resistance towards chloramphenicol, ampicillin, quinolone, and trimethoprim, and E. coli showed resistance towards ampicillin, kanamycin, sulfisoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline, ticarcillin, and so on [16,17]. Al-Azawi et al studied the formation of biofilm in terms of the utilization of icaA genes presented in S. lentus, responsible for biofilm formation [18]. In addition to that, Hasson et al achieved the same study on the basis of esaI and smaI genes present in Pantoea sp.…”