Association between body mass index and glymphatic function using diffusion tensor image-along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Background Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent studies have revealed that glymphatic function is compromised in PD patients. This study aims to investigate the impact of different body mass index (BMI) statuses on glymphatic system function in PD patients using the diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) method. Methods This study used a cross-sectional study design. A total of 145 PD patients were retrospectively enrolled in Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) from 2010–2013. Eligibility criteria included diagnosis of PD based on PPMI criteria. Diffusion tensor image (DTI) scans (diffusion gradient =64, b-value =1,000 s/mm 2 , slice thickness =2 mm) were acquired, and the analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index of each subject was calculated. The patient cohort was categorized into three groups based on BMI: normal weight (N=49), overweight (N=69), and obese (N=27). The difference in ALPS index among groups was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Partial correlation analysis was used to observe the relationship between ALPS index, BMI status, and demographics. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with ALPS index. Results PD patients with higher BMI exhibited a reduced ALPS index (normal weight > overweight > obese), and the ALPS index for patients with obesity was statistically significantly lower than that for patients with normal weight (P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, years of education, handedness, and disease duration, a significant negative correlation between the ALPS index and BMI was observed in the PD patients (R=−0.275, P<0.001). Furthermore, a negative correlation between the ALPS index and the severity of motor symptoms was identified in the subgroup of overweight (R=−0.318, P=0.01), rather than in the normal weight and obese groups. Conclusions High BMI has a negative impact on the glymphatic function in PD patients, suggesting that weight control may have clinical relevance in the management of PD patients.