Association between diet and gallstones of cholesterol and pigment among patients with cholecystectomy: a case-control study in Korea

Abstract

BackgroundThe prevalence of cholesterol gallstones is high in Western populations, while pigment gallstones are common in Asian populations. Dietary factors are suggested to be associated with gallstone risk, but their relationship with gallstone type has not been evaluated. This study investigated the association between diet and risk of cholesterol gallstone or pigment gallstone in a Korean population whose dietary pattern and type of gallstone were changed during the last 30 years.MethodsPatients with cholesterol (n = 40) and pigment (n = 59) gallstones were recruited after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were compared with those of age- and sex-matched controls without gallstones (n = 99). Dietary intakes were assessed by trained dietitians using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to examine the associations between diet and risk for type of gallstones adjusted by potential confounders.ResultsPatients with cholesterol gallstone consumed more lipid, animal lipid, beef, pork, and fried food than those with pigment gallstones and control, while patients with pigment gallstone consumed more carbohydrate and noodles than patients with cholesterol gallstone and control. In multinomial logistic regression analysis using control as reference group, dietary pattern with high consumption of beef, pork, and fried food was associated with risk of cholesterol gallstones, while there was no association between the risk of pigment gallstone and dietary pattern. In addition, control consumed more alcohol than patients with cholesterol and pigment gallstones.ConclusionsThe present study suggested consumption of fat from meat and fried foods increased the risk of cholesterol gallstone, and intake of carbohydrate from noodles increased the risk of pigment gallstone.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s41043-017-0116-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Big data and analysis of risk factors for gallbladder disease in the young generation of Korea

“…Additionally, physical activity appears to be protective, as it reduces one’s risk of developing cholelithiasis [12, 13]. Diet and lifestyle, particularly with diet westernization (increased fat), changed the stone composition from pigment to cholesterol gallstones [14–16]. The prevalence of obesity, which accounts for the largest percentage of risk factors, is increasing in Korea.…”

Alcohol Consumption Can Reduce the Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Systematic Review with a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Cohort Studies

“…Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) cohort or case-control studies published as original articles (abstracts, letters, reviews, and meta analyses were excluded); (2) studies reporting the relative risks (odds ratio [OR], RR, or hazard ratio [HR]) between alcohol consumption and GSD or sufficient data to calculate them. Case-control studies were excluded if drinking categories were based on alcohol consumption at the time of interview 9. When studies with overlapping populations were identified, the most appropriate study for this comparison was selected in terms of bias.…”

Animal and Vegetarian Protein Sources in Relationship with the Risk of Biliary Stone; A Case-Control Study from Iranian Adults

“…Furthermore, Ortega et al suggested that the prevalence of biliary stone is signi cantly higher in patients with high energy intake, high intake of fat, low ber intake and low rate of physical activity 23 . Moreover, in the study of Park et al, the rate of cholesterol biliary stone had a direct association with the high intake of lipid, meat and fried food 24 . These results indicate the role of dietary pattern in the formation of biliary stone which is in line with the current study.…”