Association between nasal shedding and fever that influenza A (H3N2) induces in dogs

Abstract

BackgroundAvian origin canine influenza virus was reported in Korea. The dog to dog contact transmission of the avian origin canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 and CIV H3N8 was shown by experimental contact transmission. This study was focused on viral excretion and fever in order to elucidate the epidemiological associations which might be helpful to control the disease transmissions in CIV outbreak in dogs.MethodsAn influenza seronegative 10-week-old Beagle dog was experimentally inoculated with the canine influenza virus A/canine/01/2007, subtype H3N2. Eight hours after inoculation, the infected dog was cohoused with seven uninfected Beagle dogs. Clinical signs including fever were recorded for 14 days post inoculation.ResultsThe infected dog and four of seven contact dogs in the study showed clinical signs (sneezing, nasal discharge and coughing) during the study. Viral shedding occurred in all of the animals tested and began on 1 to 6 DPI in dogs with clinical signs. Elevated body temperatures above 39.5°C (geometric mean temperature of 39.86°C±0.49) were observed in all symptomatic dogs. The mean viral titer during fever was 2.99 log EID50/ml, which was significantly higher than the viral titer detected in the non fever.ConclusionsThe data show that contact dogs with a canine influenza infected dog shed different levels of virus in their nasal excretions and demonstrate that clinical signs, including fever, significantly correlate with the viral shedding.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and phylogenetic analysis of HPV-16 E6 variants among infected women from Northern Brazil

“…Our result was similar to that described by the Latin America Screening Study (24.5%) [8] and to data related to Amazonas State (29.2%) [18]. However, it was lower than described in others Brazilian studies including women populations from Rio Grande do Sul (34%), São Paulo (58.4%), Distrito Federal (62%) and Rio de Janeiro (63.6%) [19-21]. …”

“…The most prevalent HPV types described in women with normal cytology are HPV-16, -58, -31, -18, -45 and -52, however, it is well documented that this prevalence is lower than that observed among women with HSIL (high-grade lesions) and SCC (squamous-cell carcinoma) [26]. HPV-16 prevalence in our population was higher than that described in Natal (Northeast Brazil) (12.7%) [27] and lower than that observed in Rio Grande do Sul (19.6%), Rio de Janeiro (19%), São Paulo (18.2%) and Amazonas (31.8%) [18-21]. …”

Selection of reference genes for qRT‐PCR and expression analysis of high‐altitude‐related genes in grassland caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Gynaephora) along an altitude gradient

“…In addition to lepidopterans, EF‐1 α has also performed well as an RG in other insects, such as Anastrepha oblique under different developmental stages (Nakamura et al., 2016), Bemisia tabaci across various abiotic conditions (Li et al., 2013), Drosophila melanogaster under heat‐stressed conditions (Ponton et al., 2011), Dicentrarchus labrax under nutritional/environmental changes (Schaeck et al., 2016), and Bactericera cockerelli under different life stages (Ibanez & Tamborindeguy, 2016). Nevertheless, EF‐1 α has also exhibited unstable expression in some insects, such as rice planthopper ( Delphacodes kuscheli ) under viral infection conditions (Maroniche et al., 2011). …”

“…Recently, the selection of suitable RGs for qRT‐PCR has been widely undertaken in many insect groups, such as the Hemiptera (Bansal et al., 2016; Koramutla et al., 2016; Li et al., 2013; Maroniche et al., 2011), Diptera (Nakamura et al., 2016; Ponton et al., 2011), Coleoptera (Lord, Hartzer, Toutges, & Oppert, 2010; Rajarapu, Mamidala, & Mittapalli, 2012), Orthoptera (Van Hiel et al., 2009), and Lepidoptera (Fu et al., 2013; Tang, Zhang, Xue, & Yuan, 2016; Zhu et al., 2014). These studies were primarily conducted to select RGs that are stably expressed throughout different developmental stages, biological tissues, treatments, and environmental stresses (e.g., microbial infection and chemical stimulus) (Lord et al., 2010; Nakamura et al., 2016; Schaeck et al., 2016).…”

Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

“…The susceptibility of domestic animals to an influenza type A virus was first reported in 1972 12 16 . Domestic animals (cats and dogs) may also enable the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to mammalians, especially carnivores that feed on infected birds 5 .…”