Association between sarcopenia level and metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Aims Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality. Sarcopenia has been reported as a risk factor for MetS, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and CVD. To date, the association between sarcopenia and MetS has been investigated. However, there have been few studies on the dose-response relationship between sarcopenia and MetS. We investigated the association between sarcopenia and the prevalence of MetS. We also aimed to analyze the dose-response relationship between skeletal muscle mass and the prevalence of MetS. Methods We enrolled 13,620 participants from October 2014 to December 2019. Skeletal muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was divided by body weight (kg) and was expressed as a percentage (ASM x 100/Weight, ASM%). The quartiles of ASM% were calculated for each gender, with Q1 and Q4 being the lowest and highest quartiles of ASM%, respectively. The quartiles of ASM% were calculated for each gender, with Q1 and Q4 being the lowest and highest quartiles of ASM%, respectively. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used to compare the clinical parameters according to ASM%, adjusted for age, sex, obesity, hypertension (HT), DM, dyslipidemia (DL), smoking, alcohol intake, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk of MetS in each group. Results A dose-response relationship was identified between ASM% and MetS. Sarcopenia was associated with an increased prevalence of MetS. After adjustment for age, sex, obesity, HT, DM, DL, smoking, alcohol intake, and CRP, sarcopenia remained significantly associated with MetS. For each 1 quartile increment in ASM%, the risk of MetS decreased by 56% (P< 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, obesity, HT, DM, DL, smoking, alcohol intake, and CRP, the risk of MetS decreased by 25% per 1Q increment in ASM% (P < 0.001). Conclusions Sarcopenia by BIA is independently associated with the risk of MetS and has a dose-response relationship.

Association of obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective study

“…Among the 13,620 subjects who underwent routine health checkups, 7,422 and 6,198 were males and females, respectively. A total of 2,238 subjects were diagnosed with MS. Clinical characteristics according to the presence of MS are presented in Table 1 [ 46 ]. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics were significantly different based on the presence of MS. BMI and VFA were significantly higher in subjects with MS than in those without MS. ASM% was significantly lower in subjects with MS than that in those without MS.…”

“…The subjects were divided into two groups according to obesity, VFA, and ASM% ( Table 2 ) [ 46 ]. Subjects with obesity, visceral adiposity, or sarcopenia were significantly older and had higher LDL-C, TG, CRP, and glucose levels, and HOMA-IR than those without.…”

“…Among the enrolled subjects, CT scans were performed on 966 subjects on the same day as the Inbody 720 analysis. Thus, correlation analysis was conducted in 966 subjects, similar to a previous study [ 46 ]. VFA measured by Inbody 720 positively correlated with VFA measured by CT scan (R = 0.743, P < 0.001, Fig 5A ).…”

“…After excluding 4,621 subjects who underwent repeated checkups, only data from the first examination were included. After excluding 2,627 subjects with insufficient data and 130 subjects with a history of malignancy, 13,620 subjects were enrolled, similar to a previous study ( Fig 1 ) [ 46 ]. The data were fully anonymized before obtaining them.…”

“…Pre-contrast CT images were analyzed using a commercially available segmentation software program (MEDIP Deep Catch v1.0.0.0, MEDICALIP Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) to measure TAMA. After automatic segmentation, the reader selected the level of the inferior endplate of the L3 vertebra and extracted the TAMA and VFA at the corresponding levels as previously described [ 46 , 57 , 58 ].…”