Association of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions and Smoking with Lung Cancer Mortality Rates on a Global Scale

Motorykin, Oleksii; Matzke, Melissa M.; Waters, Katrina M.; Simonich, Staci L. Massey

doi:10.1021/es305295d

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…PAHs and their derivatives (oxy-PAH and nitro-PAH) have been proven to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2013). Motorykin et al (2013) observed a link between lung cancer deaths and PAH emissions in upper-middle and high socioeconomic countries. PAHs in PM ambient samples correlate with tumour initial potential (Gauggel-Lewandowski et al, 2013), DNA damage (Teixeria et al, 2012) and the formation of reactive oxygen species in vitro, promoting inflammation response and cellular damage (Shiraiwa et al, 2012).…”

Section: Particulate Matter and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or atmospheric aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500-2000 papers per year in the refereed literature. This is in part due to the enormous advances in measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of the chemical composition and of the physical properties of atmospheric particles and of their processes in the atmosphere. The growing scientific interest in atmospheric aerosol particles is due to their high importance for environmental policy. In fact, particulate matter constitutes one of the most challenging problems both for air quality and for climate change policies. In this context, this paper reviews the most recent results within the atmospheric aerosol sciences and the policy needs, which have driven much of the increase in monitoring and mechanistic research over the last 2 decades.The synthesis reveals many new processes and developments in the science underpinning climate-aerosol interactions and effects of PM on human health and the environment. However, while airborne particulate matter is responsible for globally important influences on premature human mortality, we still do not know the relative importance of the different chemical components of PM for these effects. Likewise, the magnitude of the overall effects of PM on climate remains highly uncertain. Despite the uncertainty there are many things that could be done to mitigate local and global problems of atmospheric PM. Recent analyses have shown that reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce global warming and delay the time when anthropogenic effects on global temperature would exceed 2 • C. Likewise, cost-effective control measures on ammonia, an important agricultural precursor gas for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), would reduce regional eutrophication and PM concentrations in large areas of Europe, China and the USA. Thus, there is much that could be done to reduce the effects of atmospheric PM on the climate and the health of the environment and the human population.A prioritized list of actions to mitigate the full range of effects of PM is currently undeliverable due to shortcomings in the knowledge of aerosol science; among the shortcomings, the roles of PM in global climate and the relative roles of Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 8218S. Fuzzi et al.: Particulate matter, air quality and climate different PM precursor sources and their response to climate and land use change over the remaining decades of this century are prominent. In any case, the evidence from this paper strongly advocates for an integrated approach to air quality and climate policies.

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Section: Particulate Matter and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs

et al. 2015

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“…Additional sources of PAH exposure include inhalation of vehicular exhaust gases (Adetona et al, 2012), smoke from burning solid fuels (Li et al, 2011), and cigarette smoke (Zhong et al, 2011). Chronic exposure to PAHs has been linked to lung cancer (Motorykin et al, 2013) and peripheral arterial disease (Xu et al, 2013). The U.S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of parent and hydroxy PAHs in personal PM2.5 and urine samples collected during Native American fish smoking activities

Motorykin

Schrlau

Jia

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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A method was developed for the measurement of 19 parent PAHs (PAHs) and 34 hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in urine and personal air samples of particulate matter less than 2.5 um in diameter (PM2.5) using GC-MS and validated using NIST SRM 3672 (Organic Contaminants in Smoker’s Urine) and SRM 3673 (Organic Contaminants in Nonsmoker’s Urine). The method was used to measure PAHs and OH-PAHs in urine and personal PM2.5 samples collected from the operators of two different fish smoking facilities (tipi and smoke shed) burning two different wood types (alder and apple) on the Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) while they smoked salmon. Urine samples were spiked with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase to hydrolyze the conjugates of OH-PAHs and the PAHs and OH-PAHs were extracted using Plexa and C18 solid phases, in series. The 34OH-PAHs were derivatized using MTBSTFA, and the mixture was measured by GC-MS. The personal PM2.5samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction, derivatized with MTBSTFA and analyzed by GC-MS for PAHs and OH-PAHs. Fourteen isotopically labeled surrogates were added to accurately quantify PAHs and OH-PAHs in the urine and PM2.5 samples and three isotopically labeled internal standards were used to calculate the recovery of the surrogates. Estimated detection limits in urine ranged from 6.0 to 181 pg/ml for OH-PAHs and from 3.0 to 90 pg/ml for PAHs, and, in PM2.5, they ranged from 5.2 to 155 pg/m3 for OH-PAHs and from 2.5 to 77 pg/m3 for PAHs. The results showed an increase in OH-PAH concentrations in urine after 6 hours offish smoking and an increase in PAH concentrations in air within each smoking facility. In general, the PAH exposure in the smoke shed was higher than in the tipi and the PAH exposure from burning apple wood was higher than burning alder.

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“…For example, it can participate actively the gas-phase reaction of SO 3 with H 2 O to produce H 2 SO 4 35 and the H-abstraction from HOCl by OH radicals 36 through its ability to form hydrogen bonds. An intriguing question is whether water can have an effect on the loss of water from the OH−NO 2 −PAH adducts.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Water Molecule in the Gas-Phase Formation Process of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere: A Computational Study

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nitro-PAHs are globally worrisome air pollutants because their high direct-acting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. A mechanistic understanding of their formation is of crucial importance for successful prevention of their atmospheric pollution. Here, the formation of nitroPAHs arising from the OH-initiated and NO 3 -initiated atmospheric reactions of PAHs was investigated by using quantum chemical calculations. It is widely assumed that OH or NO 3 radicals attack on the C atoms of the aromatic rings in the PAH molecule, followed by the addition of NO 2 to the OH−PAH or NO 3 −PAH adducts at the ortho position and the loss of water or nitric acid to form nitro-PAHs. However, calculations show that the direct loss of water from the OH−NO 2 −PAH adducts via the unimolecular decomposition is energetically unfavorable. This study reveals for the first time that water molecule plays an important catalytic effect on the loss of water from the OH−NO 2 −PAH adducts and promotes the formation of nitro-PAHs. In addition, the introduction of water unwraps new formation pathway through the addition of NO 2 to the OH−PAH or NO 3 −PAH adduct at the para position. The individual and overall rate constants for the addition reactions of PAHs with OH and NO 3 radicals were deduced by using the Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) theory.

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Association of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions and Smoking with Lung Cancer Mortality Rates on a Global Scale

Cited by 39 publications

References 43 publications

Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs

Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs

Determination of parent and hydroxy PAHs in personal PM2.5 and urine samples collected during Native American fish smoking activities

Role of Water Molecule in the Gas-Phase Formation Process of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere: A Computational Study

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