Association of Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction With Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

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Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Steroids Influence Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

“…In this study, we recruited 279 consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes attending our clinic (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02910271) (2,3). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are detailed elsewhere (2,3).…”

“…In this study, we recruited 279 consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes attending our clinic (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02910271) (2,3). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are detailed elsewhere (2,3). Assuming a global prevalence of CAN of ;30% in our population of patients with type 1 diabetes (2) and setting a at 0.05 and b at 0.20 for a two-sided test, the inclusion of at least 160 men and 120 women was enough to identify a difference in prevalence among them above 15% (www.imim .cat/ofertadeserveis/software-public/ granmo/).…”

“…We performed hormone assays at the same time using kits from the same production lots. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed using Ewing tests (Monitor OneDx System device; Qmed, Inc., Eatontown, NJ) and by the changes in blood pressure and heart rate after active standing (3).…”

Point‐of‐care sural nerve conduction could predict the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

“… 7 . We used a modification of the Ewing score 6 to rate CAN, which scored HR variability to deep breathing, Valsalva's maneuver, and orthostatism, as well as the response of blood pressure (BP) to active standing. These responses were categorized as normal (0 points), borderline (0.5 point), or abnormal (1 point).…”

“…These responses were categorized as normal (0 points), borderline (0.5 point), or abnormal (1 point). A composite score ≥1 was considered diagnostic of CAN 6 , 7 . We classified CAN as early or mild when the Ewing score was between 1 and 2, or as definite when the score was ≥2 6 .…”