Association of cord blood vitamin D with early childhood growth and neurodevelopment

Gould, Jacqueline F; Anderson, Alvin G.; Yelland, Lisa N; Smithers, Lisa G.; Skeaff, C. Murray; Zhou, Shao Jia; Gibson, Robert; Makrides, Maria

doi:10.1111/jpc.13308

Cited by 47 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The findings are also similar to those from a cohort study in India, where vitamin D status in early childhood was not associated with the gross motor functioning among school aged children [36]. Studies that have examined the association between cord blood vitamin D concentrations and neurodevelopment measured in early and middle childhood have shown mixed results [37,38]. Furthermore, studies that have examined the associations between vitamin D Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The shaded area spans the 95% confidence interval of this association deficiency during pregnancy and neurodevelopment during early and middle childhood have also shown inconsistent results [7][8][9][10][11][12]39]. Three studies found an association between pregnancy vitamin D status and neurodevelopment outcomes in children before 4 years of age [8,11,38], while one study found marginal associations with language scores at 10 years of age [10]. The inconsistencies are likely due to differences in the populations, the timing of vitamin D assessment during pregnancy, the use of different cut-offs for vitamin D deficiency, age of the child at developmental assessments, and the way potential confounders were handled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Chowdhury

Taneja

Kvestad

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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Background: Vitamin D is important for brain function and linear growth. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been linked with impaired neurodevelopment during early childhood. However, there is limited evidence from population-based studies on the long-term impact of vitamin D deficiency on cognitive development and linear growth. The objective of the current analysis is to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during infancy and early childhood is associated with cognitive development and linear growth measured in school age. Methods: This is a follow-up study of a placebo-controlled trial among 1000 North Indian children 6-30 months of age. We measured growth and neurodevelopment in 791 of these children when they were 6-9 years old. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition INDIA , the Crichton Verbal Scale, NEPSY-II subtests, and the BRIEF 2. We categorized vitamin D concentrations during infancy and early childhood according to the US Institute of Medicine's recommendations; serum 25(OH)D < 12 ng/ml as deficient; 12-20 ng/ml as inadequate; > 20 ng/ml as sufficient. In multivariable regression models, adjusting for relevant confounders, we estimated the association between vitamin D status, growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes.Results: Among the 791 children, baseline vitamin D status was available for 716. Of these, 45.8% were vitamin D deficient, 32.7% were inadequate, and 21.5% were sufficient. Vitamin D status was not associated with any of the cognitive outcomes or linear growth [Adjusted β coefficient for height for age z-score between deficient and sufficient children was − 0.06 (95% CI − 0.24 to 0.11)] at follow up.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Chowdhury

Taneja

Kvestad

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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“…Seven studies did not find any association between prenatal vitamin D levels and global IQ or cognitive development at preschool [69][70][71][72] and school age [73,74]. However, Keim et al [75] reported a positive association between both maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D concentration and IQ at age 7, but the effect estimates were very small.…”

Section: Global Intelligence Quotient (Iq) or Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Two studies reported increased psychomotor scores at age 14 months [51] and at 30 months [74] associated with higher maternal vitamin D concentrations in pregnancy. However, 4 studies did not find any association [69,71,72,75]. Furthermore, Zhu et al [76] found an inverted-U-shaped relation between neonatal vitamin D status and psychomotor score in toddlers.…”

Section: Psychomotor Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Maternal and Foetal Health Implications of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy

Larqué

Morales

Leis³

et al. 2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: To what extent does the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration help to meet the physiological needs of humans is an ongoing subject of debate. Remaining unexposed to the sun to reduce melanoma cancer risk, current lifestyle with less out door activities, and increasing obesity rates, which in turn increases the storage of vitamin D in the adipose tissue, are presumably factors that contribute to the substantial upsurge in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in humans. Since evidence is lacking regarding the appropriate cut-off points to define vitamin D status during pregnancy, references used to establish the intake recommendations and vitamin D content of prenatal vitamin supplements are quite conservative. Summary: The foetus depends fully on maternal 25(OH)D supply. 25(OH)D readily crosses the placenta and it is activated into 1,25(OH)₂D by foetal kidneys. Moreover, 1,25(OH)₂D can also be synthesized within the placenta to regulate placental metabolism. The importance of vitamin D during pregnancy for maintaining maternal calcium homeostasis and therefore for foetal bone development is well recognized; major discussions are in progress regarding the potential maternal detrimental effects on pregnancy outcomes, foetal development, and the long-term health of children. Interventional studies have also evaluated the effect of vitamin D for reduction on preterm birth and asthma programming. Key Messages: Clinically, by understanding the effects of vitamin D on perinatal outcomes, we could individualize antenatal counselling regarding vitamin D supplementation to ensure vitamin D repletion without increasing the risk of foetal hypercalcemia.

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“…There is considerable heterogeneity in observational studies, including study size, maternal gestation at assessment and population demographics, but when considered together, these studies would suggest that foetal size is only affected at the lowest levels of maternal 25(OH)D and the relationship is non-linear. Indeed, studies which have considered 25(OH)D as a continuous variable have not typically identified a significant relationship between maternal 25(OH) D and offspring birth weight or length [73,75,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97]. In contrast, dichotomisation of maternal serum 25(OH)D to compare two or more groups identified significantly lower birth weight in babies born to mothers who were classed as VDD when thresholds between 25 and 37.5 nmol/l were used to define VDD, but not in studies that used a higher serum 25(OH)D to define VDD [75,89,90,[98][99][100][101][102][103].…”

Section: Birth Anthropometry and Childhood Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D, and Maternal and Child Health

et al. 2019

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Vitamin D has important roles in calcium metabolism and in the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia; low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are common in the general population and amongst pregnant women. Whilst there is a wealth of observational evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to a wide range of disease outcomes, there are currently few high-quality randomised controlled trials to confirm any causal associations, although many are currently in progress. Furthermore, currently, the vast majority of published guidelines recommend standard supplemental vitamin D doses for children and pregnant women, yet there is increasing recognition that individual characteristics and genetic factors may influence the response to supplementation. As such, future research needs to concentrate on documenting definite beneficial clinical outcomes of vitamin D supplementation, and establishing personalised dosing schedules and demonstrating effective approaches to optimising initiation and adherence.

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Association of cord blood vitamin D with early childhood growth and neurodevelopment

Cited by 47 publications

References 28 publications

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Maternal and Foetal Health Implications of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy

Vitamin D, and Maternal and Child Health

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