Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Thyroid Disorders: A Metabolic Prospective

Abstract

The prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, mounting from 4.7% to 8.5% in overall adult population. Thyroid disorder is another common endocrine disorder with prevalence of hypothyroidism as much as 4.6% and hyperthyroidism as much as 1.3% in population according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. These two most common endocrinopathies often co-exist and mutually influence each other. They have complex links of abnormal biochemical pathways, unregulated genetic expression of many genes and hormonal malfunctions. Thyroid hormones affects the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and pancreatic function, and on the other hand, diabetes affects thyroid function tests to variable extents. In this review article we emphasized the epidemiology of diabetes and thyroid disorders, classification of thyroidism, and finally the impact of thyroidism to the various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetics.

Effect of Exercise Training and Adropin Treatment on Thyroid and Testicular Function Changes in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats

“…The study results showed a significant increase in serum levels of TSH but, a significant decrease in serum levels of T3 and T4 in obese diabetic groups in comparison to those of the lean non-diabetic groups which confirmed occurrence of hypothyroidism which was in agree with C Anil, et al [54] and M Mishra, et al [55] who stated that diabetes mellitus affected thyroid function and added that uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients had a significant elevation in serum levels of TSH and they owed this to the increase in both fat mass and insulin resistance which increased serum leptin that acted directly on leptin receptors on thyrotropin releasing hormone neurons increasing thyrotropin releasing hormone secretion and consequently TSH release from the anterior pituitary. Also, J Rezzonico, et al [56] recorded an association between both insulin resistance and thyroid dysfunction.…”

Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Thyroid Disorders: An Adipocytokines Prospective

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid disorders (TD) are the two foremost common endocrinopathies, which often coexist and mutually influence each other. Numerous research studies have reported the alliance among DM and TD [1][2][3][4][5][6], and confirmed diverse multifaceted associations involving abnormal biochemical pathways, aberrant genetic expressions and hormonal malfunctions, explaining their pathophysiological association [6][7][8].…”

“…Thyroid disorder is another common endocrinopathy with variable prevalence [1,2]. Wang and Crapo in 1997 reported that as many as 50% of the community have microscopic nodules, 3.5% have occult papillary carcinoma, 15% have palpable goiters, 10% exhibit an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and 5% of women have overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism [19].…”

“…These endocrine disorders impact each other in a variety of ways. Thyroid hormones (TH) contribute to the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic function, and on the contrary, diabetes affects thyroid function tests to variable extents [1,5].…”

A review on association between diabetes and thyroid disease

“…The first evidence of the association of thyroid dysfunction with diabetes was provided in 1927 by Coller et al who demonstrated that the glycemic status of diabetic individual deteriorated with hyperthyroidism and surgical removal of some parts of the gland restored the normal glycemia. 2 Other number of studies also has investigated the complex pathophysiological association between diabetes and thyroid diseases. Hypothyroidism (especially Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and thyroid over activity (chiefly Graves' disease) are mostly shown to be associated with hyperglycemia.…”