Association of Dietary Patterns with Weight Status and Metabolic Risk Factors among Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with obesity in children and adolescents. However, few studies have investigated the relationships between dietary patterns and obesity-related metabolic disorders among Asians. We identified dietary patterns in children and adolescents and examined the associations between these patterns and obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in South Korea. This study is a cross-sectional design. We used baseline data from an intervention study of 435 Korean children and adolescents aged 6–17 years. Insulin resistance was assessed as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by cardiovascular disease risk factor clustering. Dietary intakes were estimated using 3-day food records. Factor analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns, and we examined the associations between dietary patterns and obesity-related markers adjusted for potential covariates. Three dietary patterns were identified as fast food and soda (FFS), white rice and kimchi (WRK), and oil and seasoned vegetable (OSV) patterns. Compared with participants in the lower intake of FFS pattern, those in the top intake were associated with a higher waist circumference (WC) (β = 1.55), insulin level (β = 1.25), and body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.53) and it was positively associated with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6 (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.227–3.638) (p < 0.05). WRK pattern was associated with lower weight and higher HDL cholesterol, and the OSV pattern was associated with a lower weight, WC, and insulin level (p < 0.05). The FFS pattern showed a positive relation with WC, serum insulin, and BMI, and the other two dietary patterns indicated a preventive effect of those parameters. The FFS pattern was associated with significantly elevated insulin resistance among children and adolescents.

The association between dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk factors among obese adolescents in Indonesia

“…High sugar intake positively correlated with risk of diabetes in this present study. This has a general agreement with previous study that high sugar intake associated with diabetes, obesity, and other cardiovascular risks [ 11 , 31 ]. This present study also showed that high sugar intake did not correlated with the occurrence of insulin resistance.…”

“…Previous studies on associations between obesity and other cardiovascular disease risks and intake of fat and sugar and dietary fibre intake are conducted in high-income countries [ 9 , 11 , 12 ]. A recent published study evaluated fast food and soda pattern associated with significantly elevated insulin resistance among children and adolescents [ 11 ].…”

“…Previous studies on associations between obesity and other cardiovascular disease risks and intake of fat and sugar and dietary fibre intake are conducted in high-income countries [ 9 , 11 , 12 ]. A recent published study evaluated fast food and soda pattern associated with significantly elevated insulin resistance among children and adolescents [ 11 ]. Children and adolescents in the high intake of fast food and soda pattern were associated with a higher waist circumference (β = 1.55), insulin level (β = 1.25), and body mass index (β = 0.53) and this was positively associated with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6 (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.227–3.638) ( p < 0.05) compared with those in the lower intake of fast food and soda pattern [ 11 ].…”

“…A recent published study evaluated fast food and soda pattern associated with significantly elevated insulin resistance among children and adolescents [ 11 ]. Children and adolescents in the high intake of fast food and soda pattern were associated with a higher waist circumference (β = 1.55), insulin level (β = 1.25), and body mass index (β = 0.53) and this was positively associated with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6 (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.227–3.638) ( p < 0.05) compared with those in the lower intake of fast food and soda pattern [ 11 ]. A previous cross-sectional study was conducted in children evaluating the association between eating patterns and overweight status in children who participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study and found that several eating patterns including sweetened beverages, sweets, meats, and total consumption of low-quality foods were associated with overweight status with OR (95% CI) 1.33 (1.12–1.57), 1.21 (1.00–1.46), 1.38 (1.12–1.71) and 1.35 (1.08–1.68), respectively [ 12 ].…”

Dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome in US children and adolescents: evidence from NHANES 2001–2018

“…Some previous studies analyzing the dietary patterns of children and adolescents have been conducted in Europe and Australia [ 10 , 23 , 24 ], in which a relationship between the Westernized dietary pattern and increased risk of MetS was observed. A study in Korea reported white rice and kimchi consuming were associated with lower weight and higher HDL cholesterol, and oil and seasoned vegetable consuming were significantly associated with a lower weight, WC, and serum insulin level, whereas fast-food and soda consuming correlated with higher WC, serum insulin and BMI [ 25 ].…”