Association of Elite Sports Status with Gene Variants of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors and Their Transcriptional Coactivator

Abstract

Background: Although the scientific literature regarding sports genomics has grown during the last decade, some genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), have not been fully described in terms of their role in achieving extraordinary sports performance. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to determine which elite sports performance constraints are positively influenced by PPARs and their coactivators. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used, with a combination of PPAR and sports keywords. Results: In total, 27 studies that referred to PPARs in elite athletes were included, where the Ala allele in PPARG rs1801282 was associated with strength and power elite athlete status in comparison to subelite athlete status. The C allele in PPARA rs4253778 was associated with soccer, and the G allele PPARA rs4253778 was associated with endurance elite athlete status. Other elite status endurance alleles were the Gly allele in PPARGC1A rs8192678 and the C allele PPARD rs2016520. Conclusions: PPARs can be used for estimating the potential to achieve elite status in human physical performance in strength and power, team, and aerobic sports disciplines. Carrying specific PPAR alleles can provide a partial benefit to achieving elite sports status, but does not preclude achieving elite status if they are absent.

No Change – No Gain; The Effect of Age, Sex, Selected Genes and Training on Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Cross-Country Skiing

“…Furthermore, there was the case of the one skier that possessed the least favorable endurance genotype for the PPARGC1A SNP, but still demonstrated the highest VO 2max . These findings may indicate that possessing the optimal alleles of the different polymorphisms may be beneficial for endurance performance, but it is not critical for the athletic ability (Venezia and Roth, 2019;Petr et al, 2020). This may be especially true for athletes competing at a national level compared to worldclass elite athletes (Eynon et al, 2012;Papadimitriou et al, 2016).…”

“…All associations between PPARGC1A rs8192678 and physiological and performance variables dissapeared when correcting for gender. The C allele (Gly) have been suggested to be an elite status endurance allele favorable to athletic ability (Tharabenjasin et al, 2019;Petr et al, 2020). Homozygotes of the C allele are generally more responding aerobic training compared to the T allele (Ser) (Petr et al, 2018).…”

“…The protein encoded by the gene, PGC1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1-alpha), induce the mitochondrial biogenesis and modulate the composition and functions of the mitochondria (Austin and St-Pierre, 2012). Recent reviews have concluded that the rs8192678 polymorphism is associated with aerobic trainability and sports performance (Petr et al, 2018(Petr et al, , 2020Tharabenjasin et al, 2019). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor genes, e.g., PPARG (rs1801282) and PPARA (rs4253778), have also been investigated in relation to trainability and athletic ability (Petr et al, 2018(Petr et al, , 2020.…”

“…Recent reviews have concluded that the rs8192678 polymorphism is associated with aerobic trainability and sports performance (Petr et al, 2018(Petr et al, , 2020Tharabenjasin et al, 2019). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor genes, e.g., PPARG (rs1801282) and PPARA (rs4253778), have also been investigated in relation to trainability and athletic ability (Petr et al, 2018(Petr et al, , 2020. According to Bouchard et al (2011) the rs6552828 SNP of the acyl-CoA synthase long-chain member 1 gene (ACSL1) could explain around 6% of the training response of VO 2max to standardized exercise training programs.…”

Changes in Muscle Mass and Composition by Exercise and Hypoxia as Assessed by DEXA in Mice

“…Exercise and physical activity have profound systemic and muscle-specific effects through stimulation of anabolic hormones and muscle protein synthesis [ 11 ], reduction of inflammation, improvements in muscle insulin sensitivity [ 12 ], and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis [ 13 ], all of which result in improved muscle size and function. Though several molecular mediators are activated in response to exercise, two widely acknowledged are the energy sensor 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) [ 14 , 15 ]. On the other hand, chronic hypoxia is implicated as both an independent cause of muscle loss as well as a contributing mechanism in several clinical disease states [ 16 ].…”