“…A number of covariates were included based on prior WIHS and MACS studies 1, 29,30 including age (also included as covariate as it is a strong predictor of NP performance and ensures it is not a residual confounder), race/ethnicity, income, education (only collected categorically in the MACS), sexual orientation, heavy alcohol use classified using NIAAA standards (≥15 drinks/week for men; ≥8 drinks/week for women), recreational drug use since the previous visit (cannabis, cocaine/crack), cigarette smoking, HIV RNA and CD4 Tcell counts, antiretroviral therapy, nadir pre-HAART CD4+ T-cell count, ever having clinical AIDS diagnosis, and count of neuropsychological test exposures.…”