Association of maternal and infant inflammation with neurodevelopment in HIV-exposed uninfected children in a South African birth cohort

Abstract

Highlights Inflammatory markers were lower in mothers living with HIV. Inflammatory markers were lower in HIV-exposed uninfected infants and children. Early life immune markers predicted impaired motor function at 2 years of age.

Immune Dysregulation Is Associated with Neurodevelopment and Neurocognitive Performance in HIV Pediatric Populations—A Scoping Review

“…The kappa was 1.000 and the majority of the included studies were rated as intermediate quality (n = 6), with one [33] rated as high quality. As an inclusion criterion, all study participants had to be treated with ART (or initiate treatment in longitudinal studies).…”

“…As an inclusion criterion, all study participants had to be treated with ART (or initiate treatment in longitudinal studies). Five studies reported on the duration of therapy (ART exposure) before the respective immune marker assays were conducted [24][25][26]33,34]. In addition, all studies reported the exact ART regimen used (Supplementary Table S1).…”

“…In addition, all studies reported the exact ART regimen used (Supplementary Table S1). Lastly, only five studies reported on both the duration of treatment before the relevant assays, as well as the exact treatment regimen used [24][25][26]33,34] (Supplementary Table S1). All of the studies have reported and/or controlled for potential covariates within their statistical analysis; however, four studies have controlled for multiple comparisons, which included the Benjamini-Hochberg [26,33], false discovery rate (FDR) [25] and Bonferroni [24].…”

Evaluation of maternal-infant dyad inflammatory cytokines in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late gestation

“…Of particular importance is the maternal immune activation and inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 which has significant potential to cause harm to the developing fetus. Indeed, inflammatory exposures during in the perinatal period have been shown to impair infant growth and development in other disease processes (5–7) with a particular risk for alterations in brain development and cognitive function later in life (8).…”

Defective monocyte enzymatic function and an inhibitory immune phenotype in HIV-exposed uninfected African infants in the era of anti-retroviral therapy

“…The vulnerability of HEU infants is a likely complex intersection of HIV-exposure immune profile 'remodelling', an 'inflammatory' maternal cytokine milieu 18 , time of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation 19 , ART use 20 and prophylactics 21 , increased exposure to maternal viral and bacterial pathogens, and host microbial and environmental factors. Together these result in a more permissive state for the development of infections 1 .…”