Association of obesity and cardiovascular disease and progress in pharmacotherapy: what is next for obesity?

Abstract

Obesity has recently emerged as one of the most severe health concerns. Obesity is a key autonomous risk factor for heart failure and contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities. Obesity is caused by a metabolic imbalance, which occurs when calories burnt are fewer than the number of calories consumed. There are several pathways accountable for the adverse impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular system. Inflammatory cell infiltration develops in the adipose tissue, the pancreas, and other issues similar to the progression of obesity. Inflammation is triggered by immune cells that invade dysfunctional adipose tissue. The atherosclerotic inflammation phase, related to obesity, induces coronary calcification. Obesity is linked to elevated levels of leptin and high blood pressure. Leptin causes systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure by influencing the synthesis of nitric oxide and activating the sympathetic nervous system. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for CVD and is one of the leading causes of the greater risk of diseases, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, depression, metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in adults and children.When used with dietary improvements, antiobesity drugs improve the probability of experiencing clinically healthy (5%) weight loss. This review aimed to address the consequences of obesity on cardiac structure and function, risk factors, the impact of the obesity paradox, pharmacological treatment strategies for managing and recommended exercise and diet.

Systemic and Oral Health Parameters in Eutrophic and Overweight/Obese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…This was in line with Mallah et al, who reported arterial hypertension occurring in 10-30% of the obese children and less than 5% of the normal-weight subjects. Furthermore, the authors concluded that obesity was a risk factor for dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in children [55].…”

G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Agonist Mitigates Steatotic and Fibrotic Features Triggered in Obese Mice by the Administration of a High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Diet

“…Obesity and metabolic abnormalities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and steatosis, have recently emerged as one of the most severe health concerns . According to the World Health Organization, in recent years nearly 40% of adults worldwide were overweight and 13% were obese, and metabolic diseases that represent obesity-related conditions continue to increase, affecting the lifestyle of society. , In recent years, it has been proved that many components of foodstuffs or their metabolites act to control nutrient availability to maintain the body’s homeostasis .…”