Association of Oral Status and Early Primary Hypertension Biomarkers among Children and Adolescents

Abstract

The aim of this case–control study was the evaluation of the association between biomarkers of early primary arterial hypertension (HA) and oral diseases among children and adolescents. Material and methods. Subjects suspected of primary HA (n = 180) underwent a complex evaluation of their vascular status: blood pressure, heart rate, vascular stiffness, sympathetic activity in a 24 h ambulatory examination, followed by measurement of serum uric acid (UA), cystatin C, and creatinine. This procedure allowed the identification of children with primary (n = 58) and secondary HA (n = 74), as well as of children with normal arterial blood pressure, who served as a control group (n = 48). All subjects with secondary HA were excluded from further investigation. Oral examination included the measurement of caries intensity (using the decayed, missing, filled index for permanent teeth DMFT /primary teeth dmft), bacterial plaque (by the plaque control record index, PCR%), and gingivitis (by the bleeding on probing index, BOP%). For statistical analysis, a linear regression model and Spearman rank correlation were used. Results. UA, cystatin C, and creatinine were not altered in the HA group. However, the number of decayed permanent teeth (DT) and the DMFT, PCR%, and BOP% indexes were significantly higher in the primary HA group compared to the control group (p = 0.0006; p = 0.02; p = 0.0009; p = 0.003). Our results are not sufficient to prove the important role of caries and gingival inflammation in the modulation of HA symptoms, although they prove the association of oral diseases with primary HA symptoms. This may indicate future strategies for preventive measures for hypertensive children and adolescents.

Clinical and Pathological Manifestation of the Oral Mucosa in Institutionalized Children from Romania

“…Predominantly, nervous tics appear in childhood, and the family environment is the most important triggering factor [ 46 ]. If children are abandoned and live without the support and love of their parents or live in an environment where there are tensions, arguments and contradictory discussions, the child emotionally takes all these situations and reflects them in these tics, as a defense mechanism [ 47 ].…”

Differences between Obese and Non-Obese Children and Adolescents Regarding Their Oral Status and Blood Markers of Kidney Diseases

“…Based on the literature review on childhood obesity, cause-and-effect relationships to oral diseases show strong associations with periodontal diseases and different relationships to caries progression, such as confirming [24][25][26] or denying [27][28][29][30]. It seems to depend on multiple factors contributing to the disease progress and the risk of dental caries in primary and permanent dentition among pediatric patients affected by simple obesity.…”

Oral Prevention and Management of Oral Healthcare

“…The low priority for a good oral hygiene and a healthy diet can be a risk factor for odontogenic bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Paszynska E [ 11 ] proved the evaluation of the association between biomarkers of early primary arterial hypertension [HA] and oral diseases among children and adolescents. This may indicate future strategies for preventive measures for hypertensive children and adolescents.…”