Association of Prokaryotes with Symptomatic Appearance of Withering Syndrome in Black Abalone Haliotis cracherodii

Gardner, George R.; Harshbarger, John C.; Lake, James L.; Sawyer, Thomas K.; Price, Kathy; Stephenson, Mark; Haaker, Peter L.; Togstad, Heidi A

doi:10.1006/jipa.1995.1072

Cited by 88 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…All prokaryote colonies observed in this study were Gram-negative, acid-fast negative, Feulgen-positive and Pinkerton-positive (like rickettsial colonies). Similar results have been reported by several authors (Wen et al 1994, Gardner et al 1995, Wu & Pan 2000, Ruiz et al 2013). …”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Marteilia sp. and other parasites and pathological conditions in Solen marginatus populations along the Galician coast (NW Spain)

Ruiz¹,

Darriba²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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This paper reports the results of the survey developed after the first detection of protozoan Marteilia sp. infection of the grooved razor shell Solen marginatus (Pulteney, 1799) from Galicia (NW Spain) in 2006. Furthermore, we analysed other parasites and pathological conditions found in grooved razor shell populations throughout this survey, such as metacercariae of trematodes, prokaryotic infections and disseminated neoplasms, some of which could cause moderate or severe damage to the host depending on the intensity of infection. A total of 17 natural beds distributed along the Galician coast were analysed, and Marteilia sp. was detected in 6 of them with low prevalence, moderate intensity and no negative effects over the populations.KEY WORDS: Grooved razor shell · Prokaryote · Protozoa · Metacercaria · Disseminated neoplasm · Histopathological survey Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 112: [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184] 2015 Villalba et al. 2014). In fact, infection by M. refringens is a notifiable disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (2013) and under European legislation (Directive 2006/88). The aim of the present study was to survey for Marteilia sp. in S. marginatus and to characterize other parasites and pathological conditions affecting grooved razor shell along the Galician coast. MATERIALS AND METHODSSamples of 20 to 30 commercial grooved razor shells (> 80 mm length) were collected by hand using salt (spread in burrow entrances, causing the razor shells to leave the burrow) in 17 intertidal beds in northern and western rías along the Galician coast ( Fig. 1). Samplings were conducted seasonally, during the years 2008 to 2011 (previous data from the Redondela bed between the years 2006 and 2008 were also included), except in the Barraña and Mañóns beds, where samples were collected monthly and in the Cariño bed, where they were collected every 2 mo.In the laboratory, valves were separated, and gills, mantle and visceral mass were examined macroscopically for evidence of macroparasites, lesions, abnormal colouration and other malformations. A section including digestive gland, gonad, kidney, foot, mantle lobes, labial palps and gills was taken from every specimen, fixed in Davidson's solution (Shaw & Battle 1957) and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin blocks were sectioned at 5 µm with a rotary microtome. Tissue sections were deparaffinised, stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy for symbionts and pathological conditions such as haemocyte infiltrations and neoplasms.To further characterize the prokaryotic colonies detected in histology sections stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin, additional staining techniques were used: Gram's Brown and Hopps method for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the Pinkerton method for rickettsial organisms, the Ziehl-Neelsen method for acid-fast bacteria and the Feulgen method for DNA (Howard & Smith 1983).Some samples we...

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Marteilia sp. and other parasites and pathological conditions in Solen marginatus populations along the Galician coast (NW Spain)

Ruiz¹,

Darriba²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…The pathogen causing withering syndrome may incubate for many months before clinical signs are evident in the field (Friedman et al 1997, making it difficult to assign causation. At the local scale of a site, the prevalence and rate of transmission of the disease, which may be directly communicable among individuals (Gardner et al 1995, Friedman et al 1997, likely increases as the pathogen reproduces within infected individuals. Mass mortalities at a site may then occur once the levels of bacteria reach a critical threshold within the local population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along the coast of California, USA, the ecologically and once commercially important intertidal black abalone Haliotis cracherodii has suffered massive local die-offs (generally > 90% losses) since the mid-1980s , Steinbeck et al 1992, Lafferty & Kuris 1993, VanBlaricom et al 1993, Altstatt et al 1996. Mortality has been attributed to a chronic and fatal condition called 'withering syndrome' (Tissot 1990, Gardner et al 1995, Friedman et al 1997. The most prominent features of this wasting disease in the field include reduced body mass, weakness and a withered foot which prevents the abalone from clinging to the substratum , Richards & Davis 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continued declines of black abalone along the coast of California: are mass mortalities related to El Niño events?

Raimondi¹,

Wilson²,

Ambrose³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…More recently Li et al (1998) isolated V. fluvialis II, which caused pustule formation and mortality in the abalone H. discus hannai Dalian in China. V. carchariae is responsible for disease and mortalities among Japanese abalone, Sulculus diversicolor supratexta (Nishimori et al 1998), and a Rickettsia-like prokaryote is suspected to be one of the causes of foot-withering syndrome among the wild black abalone Haliotis cracherodii in California, USA (Gardner et al 1995, Moore et al 1999). Other parasites that infect different species of abalone include a coccidian (Friedman 1991) and Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Bower 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio carchariae, a pathogen of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata

Nicolas¹,

Basuyaux²,

Mazurié³

et al. 2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

125

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Since 1997, mass mortality of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata L. has occurred in the natural environment along the French coast. The outbreak of disease started on the south coast of Brittany near Concarneau in 1997, then spread to the north of Brittany (in 1998) and the west coast of Normandy (Golfe de St. Malo in 1999). Between 60 and 80% of the abalone died. In 1999, mortality also affected a land-based abalone farm in Normandy during the summer. At this farm, a Vibrio sp. was isolated in abundance from abalone that had just died. The disease was experimentally reproduced by inoculation or by introducing the pathogen into the surrounding water. This vibrio, identified by genotypic and phenotypic characters, is related to V. carchariae. It is similar to the V. carchariae, responsible for mortality in the Japanese abalone Sulculus diversicolor supratexta, but some phenotypic characters differentiate both strains. In 2000, healthy abalone placed in 2 sites on the north and south coasts of Brittany died, and the pathogen V. carchariae could be isolated from dead individuals, demonstrating that the pathogen was probably the cause of the abalone disease that has been occurring since 1997 in Brittany. KEY WORDS: Haliotis tuberculata · Vibrio carchariae · Bacterial epizootic · Pathogenicity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 50: [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] 2002 ity reached 85% by the end of September (Fig. 2). Apart from some occurrences of white pustules on the foot, no other signs, nor any abnormal behaviour were apparent before death.Numerous diseases affecting abalone have been described (Bower 2000). A parasite, Perkinsus olseni, infects several Australian abalone species and is the only agent recognized as a serious pathogen for Haliotis spp. by the Office International des Epizooties (2001) 1 (Lester 1981). However, in 1983 bacteria, especially Vibrio spp. were already suspected to infect abalone juveniles (Elston & Lockwood 1983). More recently Li et al. (1998) isolated V. fluvialis II, which caused pustule formation and mortality in the abalone H. discus hannai Dalian in China. V. carchariae is responsible for disease and mortalities among Japanese abalone, Sulculus diversicolor supratexta (Nishimori et al. 1998), and a Rickettsia-like prokaryote is suspected to be one of the causes of foot-withering syndrome among the wild black abalone Haliotis cracherodii in California, USA (Gardner et al. 1995, Moore et al. 1999). Other parasites that infect different species of abalone include a coccidian (Friedman 1991) and Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Bower 1987). Polychaetes frequently infest abalone under culture (Ruck & Cook 1998). Virus-like particles were detected in abalone Nordotis discus discus associated with amyotrophia of the mantle and foot, and mortality in juveniles at a nursery in Japan (Nakatsugawa et al. 1999). Previously, shells of H. tuberculata, in France, were only known to be infested by the sponge Cliona celata an...

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Association of Prokaryotes with Symptomatic Appearance of Withering Syndrome in Black Abalone Haliotis cracherodii

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Marteilia sp. and other parasites and pathological conditions in Solen marginatus populations along the Galician coast (NW Spain)

Marteilia sp. and other parasites and pathological conditions in Solen marginatus populations along the Galician coast (NW Spain)

Continued declines of black abalone along the coast of California: are mass mortalities related to El Niño events?

Vibrio carchariae, a pathogen of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata

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