Association of Pulmonary Paragonimiasis with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Rural Yakurr Community in Cross River Basin, Nigeria

Ibanga, E.S.; Arene, F. O. I.; Asor, JE

doi:10.4314/msjm.v3i1.10990

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, before 10 years, most children are not courageous enough to go hunting for crabs in the area while above 20 years might leave the villages for urban areas or for higher schools. The result is in consonance with the results of (Ibenga et al, 1997;Arene et al, 1998;Uttah et al, 2013) who independently reported highest prevalence rate in 11-16 years of age. Nevertheless, this result disagrees with the work of Udonsi (1987) in Cross River who reported that individuals within the age range of 10-12 years were more infected than others.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This too agrees with the reports made by (Singh et al, 1986;Udonsi 1987;Uttah et al, 2013) but disagrees with the results of (Ibenga et al, 1997;Asor et al, 2003;Uttah, 2013) who reported that more females were infected than males. Many other researchers have reported no sex-related difference in prevalence (Uchiyama et al, 1999;Ashitani et al, 2000).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…This result is close to the 12.27% infection rate observed by Arene et al (1998) in Cross River State; the 14.4% noticed by Asor et al (2003) in Okigwe. Also, the 9.36% noticed by Ibenga et al (1997) all in Cross River State and the 19.7% recorded by Uttah et al (2013) all in Cross River State. This result also ranks Ebonyi State as one of the major foci of paragonimiasis in Nigeria.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

See 2 more Smart Citations

PREVALENCE OF <i>PARAGONIMUS</i> INFECTION

Okoro¹

2013

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Paragonimiasis (human infections with the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani) is an important public health problem in parts of Africa. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of Paragonimus infection in Ebonyi State. Deep sputum samples from 3600 individuals and stool samples from 900 individuals in nine Local Government Areas in Ebonyi State, Nigeria were examined for Paragonimus ova using concentration technique. The overall prevalence of pulmonary Paragonimus infection in the area was 16.30%. Six foci of the infection were identified in Ebonyi North and Ebonyi Central but none in Ebonyi South. The intensity of the infection was generally moderate. Of the 720 individuals examined, 16 (12.12%) had less than 40 ova of Paragonimus in 5 mL sputum and 114 (86.36%) had between 40 and 79 ova of Paragonimus in 5 mL sputum. While 2 individuals (1.52%) had over 79 ova of Paragonimus in 5 mL Sputum. Furthermore, there was higher prevalence of paragonimiasis in rainy season than in dry season. The results of this study indicated the growing public health threat posed by paragonimiasis in Ebonyi North and Ebonyi Central. A combination of chemotherapy, to bring relief to persons already infected by the disease and public health education related to paragonimiasis transmission to increase awareness of the infection in the areas is recommended.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

See 1 more Smart Citation

PREVALENCE OF <i>PARAGONIMUS</i> INFECTION

Okoro¹

2013

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…27 However, further studies carried out after 2000 in this last basin demonstrated lower prevalence at 8.6% and 9.6%. 28,29 Cameroon Table 3 shows the number of Paragonimus-infected patients in different studies made in this country since 1932. In spite of the high figures of persons examined (11,236), only 4% were infected.…”

Section: Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human paragonimiasis in Africa

Aka¹,

Adoubryn²,

Rondelaud³

et al. 2008

Ann Afr Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An up-to-date review on human paragonimiasis in Africa was carried out to determine the current geographical distribution of human cases and analyze the animal reservoir, snails and crustaceans which intervene in the local life cycle of Paragonimus species. Two countries, i.e., Cameroon and Nigeria, were mainly affected by this disease, while the distribution of human cases in the other eight states of the intertropical zone was scattered. Infected patients were currently few in number and two Paragonimus species: P. africanus and P. uterobilateralis, were found. The animal reservoir is mainly constituted by crab-eating mammals. The identity of the host snail remains doubtful and was either a prosobranch, or a land snail. Seven crab species belonging to Callinectes, Liberonautes and Sudanonautes genera are able to harbour paragonimid metacercariae. Due to the current low prevalence of human paragonimiasis recorded in Africa and the high cost of wide-scale screenings for this disease, training of technicians in anti-tuberculosis centers would be the most realistic attitude to detect mycobacteria and/or Paragonimus eggs during the same sputum examination. Key words: Paragonimus spp., Africa, human paragonimiasis, intermediate hosts, tuberculosis RésuméUne revue sur la paragonimose en Afrique a été réalisée pour déterminer la distribution géographique actuelle des cas humains et analyser le réservoir animal, les mollusques et les crustacés qui interviennent dans le cycle local des espèces de Paragonimus. Deux pays, à savoir le Cameroun et le Nigeria, sont principalement affectés par cette maladie tandis que la répartition des cas humains dans les huit autres états de la zone intertropicale est dispersée. Les patients parasités sont actuellement peu nombreux et deux espèces de Paragonimus: P. africanus et P. uterobilateralis, ont été identifiées. Le réservoir animal est principalement constitué par des mammifères mangeurs de crabes. L'identité du mollusque hôte reste douteuse et se rapporte à un prosobranche ou à un mollusque terrestre. Sept espèces de crabes appartenant aux genres Callinectes, Liberonautes et Sudanonautes sont capables d'héberger des métacercaires de Paragonimus. En raison de la faible prévalence actuelle de la paragonimose humaine en Afrique et du coût élevé du dépistage à grande échelle pour cette maladie, la formation des techniciens dans les centres anti-tuberculeux serait l'attitude la plus réaliste pour détecter simultanément les mycobactéries ou les oeufs de Paragonimus, lors de l'examen du même crachat.

show abstract

“…Paragonimiasis in Africa came to widespread attention with an outbreak in Southeast Nigeria in the late 1960s, stemming from food shortages and concomitant consumption of freshwater crabs as a result of the Nigerian Civil war of 1967–1970 [ 19 – 21 ]. In more recent times, paragonimiasis in Africa has received remarkably little attention from the international research community, despite several recent studies reporting significant transmission within Nigeria in particular [ 22 – 27 ]; and also Cameroon [ 28 , 29 ]. Paragonimiasis in Africa remains the only human parasite without a fully characterised life cycle, with the first intermediate snail hosts of the African species of Paragonimus unconfirmed, and the miracidia, rediae and cercarial life stages undescribed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemicity of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and mapping reveals stability of transmission in endemic foci for a multi-host parasite system

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a complex, multi-host life cycle, with mammalian definitive hosts and larval stages cycling through two intermediate hosts (snails and freshwater crabs). In Africa, paragonimiasis is particularly neglected, and remains the only human parasitic disease without a fully characterised life cycle. However paragonimiasis has potentially significant impacts on public health in Africa, and prevalence has likely been underestimated through under-reporting and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis due to a similar clinical presentation. We identified the need to synthesise current knowledge and map endemic foci for African Paragonimus spp. together with Poikilorchis congolensis, a rare, taxonomically distant trematode with a similar distribution and morphology. We present the first systematic review of the literature relating to African paragonimiasis, combined with mapping of all reported occurrences of Paragonimus spp. throughout Africa, from the 1910s to the present. In human surveys, numerous reports of significant recent transmission in Southeast Nigeria were uncovered, with high prevalence and intensity of infection. Overall prevalence was significantly higher for P. uterobilateralis compared to P. africanus across studies. The potential endemicity of P. africanus in Cote d’Ivoire is also reported. In freshwater crab intermediate hosts, differences in prevalence and intensity of either P. uterobilateralis or P. africanus were evident across genus and species, suggesting differences in susceptibility. Mapping showed temporal stability of endemic foci, with the majority of known occurrences of Paragonimus found in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa, but with several outliers elsewhere on the continent. This suggests substantial under sampling and localised infection where potential host distributions overlap. Our review highlights the urgent need for increased sampling in active disease foci in Africa, particularly using molecular analysis to fully characterise Paragonimus species and their hosts.

show abstract

Association of Pulmonary Paragonimiasis with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Rural Yakurr Community in Cross River Basin, Nigeria

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

PREVALENCE OF <i>PARAGONIMUS</i> INFECTION

PREVALENCE OF <i>PARAGONIMUS</i> INFECTION

Human paragonimiasis in Africa

Endemicity of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and mapping reveals stability of transmission in endemic foci for a multi-host parasite system

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About