Association of serum adipocytokine levels with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients

Abstract

BackgroundCardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common complication of diabetes associated with poor prognosis. In addition, the autonomic imbalance is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes. It is thought that adipocytokines contribute to the increased risk of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, literature data on the association between CAN with adipocytokines such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), adiponectin in subjects with T2DM is limited.Therefore, in the present study, we examined the relationship between fasting serum leptin, TNF- alpha and adiponectin and CAN in Korean T2DM patients.MethodsA total of 142 T2DM patients (94 males, 48 females) were recruited. CAN was assessed by the five tests according to the Ewing's protocol and the time and frequency domain of the heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated. Serum TNF-alpha and adiponectin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum leptin levels were measured using radioimmunoassay.ResultsAlthough, the mean levels of leptin, TNF-alpha and adiponectin were not significantly different between the groups with and without CAN, the levels of leptin and adiponectin had a tendency to increase as the score of CAN increased (p = 0.05, p = 0.036). Serum leptin levels demonstrated a negative correlation with low frequency (LF) in the upright position (p = 0.037). Regarding TNF-alpha, a significant negative correlation was observed with SDNN and RMSSD in the upright position (p = 0.023, p = 0.019). Adiponectin levels were not related to any HRV parameters. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the odds of CAN increased with a longer duration of diabetes (1.25, [1.07-1.47]) and higher homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (5.47, [1.8-16.5]). The relative risks for the presence of CAN were 14.1 and 51.6 for the adiponectin 2nd, 3rd tertiles when compared with first tertile (p-value for trend = 0.022).ConclusionsIn the present study, the higher serum adiponectin levels and HOMA-IR were associated with an increased risk for the presence of CAN. Also, the CAN score correlated with the serum adiponectin. Serum adipocytokines such as leptin and TNF-alpha were significantly correlated with parameters of HRV, representative markers of CAN. Future prospective studies with larger number of patients are required to establish a direct relationship between plasma adipocytokine concentrations and the development or severity of CAN.

Adiponectin, markers of subclinical inflammation and nerve conduction in individuals with recently diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes

“…In addition, inverse or no associations of total adiponectin have been reported with respect to cardiovascular risk in the general population, whereas positive associations were found in patients with type 2 diabetes and/or micro and macrovascular disease (33,34). HMW adiponectin levels were inversely associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance in type 2 diabetes in one study (35), while a second study reported a positive association between total adiponectin and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (36), underlining the need for further investigations.…”

Biological and other health related correlates of long-term life dissatisfaction burden

“…Adiponectin and resistin are adipocytokines secreted by adipose tissue [23,24]. Adiponectin acts in an anti-inflammatory manner [25,26], in contrast to proinflammatory resistin, and more conventional proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Inflammation and cytokine responses have previously been associated with psychological stress [19,20].…”

“…Another previous study has reported an association between childhood maltreatment and lowered serum adiponectin levels [31]. Health-related factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, and the risk of cancer [24,32-34] have also been linked with levels of adiponectin.…”

Leptin, adiponectin, and heart rate variability among police officers

“…Because of the higher obesity and CVD prevalence, it is important to identify other factors that may be associated with subclinical CVD, such as HRV, in this occupational cohort. Levels of leptin have been shown to be associated with decreased cardiac vagal tone (Flanagan et al, 2007; Jung et al, 2012; Matsumoto et al, 2003; Paolisso et al, 2000). The relationship between adiponectin and HRV is less clear.…”

“…The relationship between adiponectin and HRV is less clear. In one study, adiponectin levels were not related to any HRV parameters (Jung et al, 2012). However, low levels of adiponectin were associated with cardiac sympathetic overactivity in men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in another study (Takahashi et al, 2007).…”