Association of TGF-β1 −509 C/T, 29 C/T and 788 C/T gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis: A case–control study

Association between TGF-Beta1 (-509) C/T Gene Polymorphism and Tissue Degradation Level In Chronic Periodontitis: A Stereological Study

“…The recent years has seen enormous research attempts in the study for genetic factors that may predispose individuals to periodontitis, as one of the most common chronic infectious disease in humans (1)(2)(3). The most frequently occurring form of periodontitis is chronic periodontitis (CP) that is caused by periodontopathic bacteria.…”

“…During periodontal inflammation, periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts secrete high levels of cytokines. Cytokines are inflammatory mediators, which are involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses (2,(9)(10)(11). Cytokines have important effects on many biological functions such as proliferation, development, homeostasis, regeneration, repair, inflammation and regulation of the immune response (5,9,12).…”

“…Cytokines have important effects on many biological functions such as proliferation, development, homeostasis, regeneration, repair, inflammation and regulation of the immune response (5,9,12). One of the cytokines released by stimulated inflammatory cells during tissue injury is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (2,4). Transforming growth factor β is a multifunctional cytokine that has a regulatory role in a broad spectrum of cellular processes such as differentiation, growth, apoptosis, immune reactions and angiogenesis (2,6).…”

“…One of the cytokines released by stimulated inflammatory cells during tissue injury is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (2,4). Transforming growth factor β is a multifunctional cytokine that has a regulatory role in a broad spectrum of cellular processes such as differentiation, growth, apoptosis, immune reactions and angiogenesis (2,6). This factor is involved in the synthesis of connective tissue components including collagen, glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, fibronectin and osteonectin, in cells of periodontal ligament and many others cell types (5,13).…”

“…Furthermore, TGF-β is a known degradation inhibitor for matrix proteins because it can increase the production of proteinase inhibitors and prevent the synthesis of matrix degrading enzymes such as collagenase. Thus, it reduces collagen degradation (2,5,14,15). Transforming growth factor β is the most potent growth inhibitor for epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neuronal cells, lymphocytes and hepatocytes (5,13).…”