“…Point (3) for the cytokine hypothesis is questionable with some studies showing a clear increase in TNF in CM, which is even higher in fatal cases in African children (Grau et al, 1989; Kwiatkowski et al, 1990; Sahu et al, 2013), but more recent studies have shown no correlation between TNF concentration and CM (Esamai et al, 2003; Armah et al, 2007; Thuma et al, 2011). Other cytokines have been implicated too (Hunt and Grau, 2003; Boeuf et al, 2012; Ioannidis et al, 2014), but the results of these studies are hard to interpret as it depends on which control group it is compared to; NCM, severe malarial anemia, other encephalitis, other febrile illnesses or even healthy individuals.…”