Association of urban inequality and income segregation with COVID-19 mortality in Brazil

Filho, José Firmino de Sousa; Silva, Uriel Moreira; Lima, L. L.; Paiva, A.; Santos, Gervásio Ferreira dos; Andrade, Roberto F. S.; Silveira, Ismael Henrique; Friche, Amélia Augusta de Lima; Barreto, Maurício L.; Caiaffa, Waleska Teixeira

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277441

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The recent and current COVID-19 pandemic exposed the many social and economic vulnerabilities of residents in the large urban centers of Latin America [32,33]. Our results highlight important heterogeneities in social and economic indicators across cities and suggest that different typologies can be identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities

et al. 2023

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This paper aims to identify typologies of Latin American cities based on socioeconomic urban environment patterns. We used census data from 371 urban agglomerations in 11 countries included in the SALURBAL project to identify socioeconomic typologies of cities in Latin America. Exploratory factor analysis was used to select a set of variables, and finite mixture modelling (FMM) was applied to identify clusters to define the typology of cities. Despite the heterogeneities among the Latin American cities, we also found similarities. By exploring intersections and contrasts among these clusters, it was possible to define five socioeconomic regional typology patterns. The main features of each one are low-education cities in Northeast Brazil; low-unemployment cities in Peru and Panama; high-education cities in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico; high female labor participation, with high primary education in Argentina and low primary education in Brazil; and low female labor participation and low education in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Identifying clusters of cities with similar features underscores understanding of the urban social and economic development dynamics and assists in studying how urban features affect health, the environment, and sustainability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities

et al. 2023

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“…From a social viewpoint, the distribution of infection exposure is unequal by socioeconomic level, regarding not only working outside the home and using public transportation but also prevention behaviors [ 39 ]. In Brazil, most individuals in the working-age range continued to perform work outside the home [ 40 ], resulting in greater exposure to the virus and a disproportionate increase in deaths in the economically active population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 mortality in Brazil, 2020-21: consequences of the pandemic inadequate management

et al. 2022

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought countless challenges to public health and highlighted the Brazilian health system vulnerabilities in facing the emergency. In this article, we analyze data on COVID-19-related deaths in 2020-21 to show the epidemic consequences in Brazil. Methods The Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System were the primary information sources. We used population estimates in 2020-21 to calculate COVID-19 specific mortality rates by age, sex, and educational level. Considering the total number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020-21, the COVID-19 proportional mortality (%) was estimated for each age group and sex. A graph of the daily number of deaths from January 2020 to December 2021 by sex was elaborated to show the temporal evolution of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil. In addition, four indicators related to COVID-19 mortality were estimated: infant mortality rate (IMR); maternal mortality ratio (MMR); number and rate of orphans due to mother’s COVID-19 death; the average number of years lost. Results The overall COVID-19 mortality rate was 14.8 (/10,000). The mortality rates increase with age and show a decreasing gradient with higher schooling. The rate among illiterate people was 38.8/10,000, three times higher than a college education. Male mortality was 31% higher than female mortality. COVID-19 deaths represented 19.1% of all deaths, with the highest proportions in the age group of 40-59 years. The average number of years lost due to COVID-19 was 19 years. The MMR due to COVID-19 was 35.7 per 100,000 live births (LB), representing 37.4% of the overall MMR. Regarding the number of orphans due to COVID-19, we estimated that 40,830 children under 18 lost their mothers during the epidemic, with an orphans’ rate of 7.5/10,000 children aged 0-17 years. The IMR was 11.7 per 1000 LB, with 0.2 caused by COVID-19. The peak of COVID-19 deaths occurred in March 2021, reaching almost 4000 COVID-19 deaths per day, higher than the average number of deaths per day from all causes in 2019. Conclusions The delay in adopting public health measures necessary to control the epidemic has exacerbated the spread of the disease, resulting in several avoidable deaths.

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Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study

Diez Roux,

Alazraqui,

Alfaro

et al. 2024

J Urban Health

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Despite the relevance of cities and city policies for health, there has been limited examination of large numbers of cities aimed at characterizing urban health determinants and identifying effective policies. The relatively few comparative studies that exist include few cities in lower and middle income countries. The Salud Urbana en America Latina study (SALURBAL) was launched in 2017 to address this gap. The study has four aims: (1) to investigate social and physical environment factors associated with health differences across and within cities; (2) to document the health impact of urban policies and interventions; (3) to use systems approaches to better understand dynamics and identify opportunities for intervention and (4) to create a new dialogue about the drivers of health in cities and their policy implications and support action. Beyond these aims SALURBAL, has an overarching goal of supporting collaborative policy relevant research and capacity -building that engages individuals and institutions from across Latin America. In this review we provide an update on the SALURBAL data resource and collaborative approach and summarize key findings from the first aim of the study. We also describe key elements of our approach, challenges we have faced and how we have overcome them, and identify key opportunities to support policy relevant evidence generation in urban health for the future.

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Association of urban inequality and income segregation with COVID-19 mortality in Brazil

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities

Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities

COVID-19 mortality in Brazil, 2020-21: consequences of the pandemic inadequate management

Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study

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