Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Clinical Events in 17,033 Latin Americans

Lamelas, Pablo; Mente, Andrew; Dı́az, Rafael; Orlandini, Andrés; Avezum, Álvaro; Oliveira, Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo; Lanas, Fernando; Serón, Pamela; López‐Jaramillo, Patricio; Camacho, Paul Anthony; O’Donnell, Martin J.; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Teo, Koon; Yusuf, Salim

doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv195

Cited by 27 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The meta-analysis included 12 studies published since 2010 (29,875 people), [9,11,12,14,15,19,[21][22][23] with a mean age ranging from 41.2 to 53.5 years [14,23]; the proportion of men varied between 33.7% and 48.2% [11,23]. The proportion of people with hypertension went from 17.0% to 52.5% (Table 1) [11,22].…”

Section: Quantitative Synthesis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of the summarized studies reported mean estimated sodium consumption below the World Health Organization recommendations (2 g/day) [6]. The estimated 24 h sodium consumption varied from 2.66 (standard deviation: 1.64) [9] g/day to 4.89 (standard deviation: 1.48) [11] g/day ( Table 2).…”

Section: Quantitative Synthesis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The search yielded 2350 results, and 2297 were excluded at the screening stage; thus, 53 were studied in detail. Finally, 15 reports (i.e., individual papers) were included in the systematic review providing results for 18 studies (Figure 1) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Two studies were excluded from meta-analysis (quantitative synthesis of results) because numeric results were not available, i.e., they only reported proportions or figures without the exact numbers [13,18].…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brazil contributed to the review with seven studies [11,14,15,[17][18][19][20], Chile with four [11,16,21,23] and Argentina with two [10,11]; whereas Barbados [9], Colombia [11], Ecuador [13], Peru [22] and Uruguay [12] contributed with one study each (Table 1). Three studies analyzed a nationally representative sample (Table 1) [9,15,21].…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six studies collected 24 h urine samples [9,12,14,19,22,23], while the others collected 12 h [17,18], overnight [10] or spot samples (Table 1) [11,15,16,20,21]. Eight studies used a formula (e.g., Kawasaki [25] or Tanaka [26]) to estimate 24 h sodium excretion (Table 1) [11,15,16,20,21].…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Carrillo‐Larco

Bernabé‐Ortiz

2020

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sodium/salt consumption is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although global targets to reduce salt intake have been established, current levels and trends of sodium consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies in which sodium consumption was analyzed based on urine samples (24 hour samples or otherwise). The search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus and LILACS. From 2350 results, 53 were studied in detail, of which 15 reports were included, providing evidence for 18 studies. Most studies were from Brazil (7/18) and six collected 24 hour urine samples. In the random effects meta-analysis, 12 studies (29,875 people) were analyzed since 2010. The pooled mean 24 hour estimated sodium consumption was 4.13 g/day (10.49 g/day of salt). When only national surveys were analyzed, the pooled mean was 3.43 g/day (8.71 g/day of salt); when only community studies were analyzed the pooled mean was 4.39 g/day (11.15 g/day of salt). Studies had low risk of bias. The estimated 24 hour sodium consumption is more than twice the World Health Organization recommendations since 2010. Regional organizations and governments should strengthen policies and interventions to measure and reduce sodium consumption in LAC.

show abstract

Section: Quantitative Synthesis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantitative Synthesis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Carrillo‐Larco

Bernabé‐Ortiz

2020

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Hunter‐gatherer diets and activity as a model for health promotion: Challenges, responses, and confirmations

Eaton

2023

Evolutionary Anthropology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Beginning in 1985, we and others presented estimates of hunter‐gatherer (and ultimately ancestral) diet and physical activity, hoping to provide a model for health promotion. The Hunter‐Gatherer Model was designed to offset the apparent mismatch between our genes and the current Western‐type lifestyle, a mismatch that arguably affects prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases. The effort has always been controversial and subject to both scientific and popular critiques. The present article (1) addresses eight such challenges, presenting for each how the model has been modified in response, or how the criticism can be rebutted; (2) reviews new epidemiological and experimental evidence (including especially randomized controlled clinical trials); and (3) shows how official recommendations put forth by governments and health authorities have converged toward the model. Such convergence suggests that evolutionary anthropology can make significant contributions to human health.

show abstract

Sodium and Health: Old Myths and a Controversy Based on Denial

Cappuccio

Campbell

et al. 2022

Curr Nutr Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose of Review The scientific consensus on which global health organizations base public health policies is that high sodium intake increases blood pressure (BP) in a linear fashion contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). A moderate reduction in sodium intake to 2000 mg per day helps ensure that BP remains at a healthy level to reduce the burden of CVD. Recent Findings Yet, since as long ago as 1988, and more recently in eight articles published in the European Heart Journal in 2020 and 2021, some researchers have propagated a myth that reducing sodium does not consistently reduce CVD but rather that lower sodium might increase the risk of CVD. These claims are not well-founded and support some food and beverage industry’s vested interests in the use of excessive amounts of salt to preserve food, enhance taste, and increase thirst. Nevertheless, some researchers, often with funding from the food industry, continue to publish such claims without addressing the numerous objections. This article analyzes the eight articles as a case study, summarizes misleading claims, their objections, and it offers possible reasons for such claims. Summary Our study calls upon journal editors to ensure that unfounded claims about sodium intake be rigorously challenged by independent reviewers before publication; to avoid editorial writers who have been co-authors with the subject paper’s authors; to require statements of conflict of interest; and to ensure that their pages are used only by those who seek to advance knowledge by engaging in the scientific method and its collegial pursuit. The public interest in the prevention and treatment of disease requires no less.

show abstract

Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Clinical Events in 17,033 Latin Americans

Abstract: Our results support a positive, nonuniform association between estimated urinary sodium excretion and BP, and a possible J-shaped pattern of association between sodium excretion over the entire range and clinical outcomes.

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Hunter‐gatherer diets and activity as a model for health promotion: Challenges, responses, and confirmations

Sodium and Health: Old Myths and a Controversy Based on Denial

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About