“…The role of ESR1 and ESR2 in the reproductive performance of poultry has been increasingly studied in recent years (Tang et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2012). ESR1 gene is one of the candidate genes for detecting polymorphisms associated with the reproductive and laying traits in pigs, chickens and other animals (Goliasova and Wolf, 2004;Humpolicek et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2010;Muñoz et al, 2007;Tang et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2012;Bi et al, 2005;Szreder and Zwierzchowski, 2007;Wu et al, 2014). The objectives of this study were to detect the polymorphism in five regions (exons 1, 2, 4, 8 and intron 1) of ESR gene in quail populations (the yellow-feather and chestnut-feather quails), which are bred in China and have relatively high laying performance and mature early (about 45 days), and to investigate its association with laying traits of two populations and further search the possibility of ESR1 gene being used as molecular genetic markers for laying traits.…”