Associations between air pollution and socioeconomic characteristics, ethnicity and age profile of neighbourhoods in England and the Netherlands

Air pollution, deprivation and health: understanding relationships to add value to local air quality management policy and practice in Wales, UK

“…To avoid introducing bias from 'double-counting' these component data, income-deprivation domain data were used as an indicator of multiple deprivation. 18,[23][24][25] There were two phases of data analysis:…”

“…For example, a study comparing local, regional and national-level associations between air pollution and socioeconomic factors in England and the Netherlands suggested that more-deprived areas are often in close proximity to mixed/high-traffic roads. 23 A study exploring the same relationships (at Local Authority level) in England and Wales explained that areas of mixed deprivation are often adjacently-located in urban areas, 43 which may be the result of city gentrification and land-use planning decisions. 23 Lastly, although beyond the UK context, a study that examined the environmental inequity of traffic-related air pollution in Toronto, Canada, proposed those living in 'least deprived' urban areas tolerate more pollution in lieu of living, social and employment benefits.…”

Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015

“…Fecht et al [12] indicated urbanization as one important cause of air pollution inequality in exposure to NO 2 in England and Netherlands. Teixidó-Figueras et al [50] consider urbanization as one of the factors which create global environmental inequality because of activities requiring more resources.…”

“…Dong et al [27] mentioned that SO 2 emission is unequally exposed in the different regions in China due to the uneven evolution of industrial activities. The NO X emission pattern is a well-known pollutant proxy used in studies because it is mostly caused by traffic and urbanization, although people in different social classes or groups are exposed to it unequally [11,12,25,[28][29][30]. Gu et al [31] found the regional disparity in NO X emission trend in China was that less-developed provinces suffer more growth rate of NO X emission than rich provinces due to the lack of strict environmental regulation to control emission in the less-developed provinces.…”

“…Air pollution inequality is rising across regions in China, and the more heavily polluted regions suffer more health damage [4]. To parallel recent studies on examining air pollution inequality in the US [5][6][7][8] and Europe [9][10][11][12], it is important to bring the equal opportunity for people to have the healthy and clean environment [7]. Therefore, it is worthy to investigate emission disparities in China regions and what trends have occurred in air pollution inequality in recent years.…”