Associations between Dietary Intake and Urinary Bisphenol A and Phthalates Levels in Korean Women of Reproductive Age

Abstract

Human exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is a growing concern due to their association with harmful effects on human health, including a variety of disorders of the female reproductive system. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food intake and urinary BPA and phthalates in Korean women of reproductive age. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 305 reproductive aged (30–49 years) females in Korea. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h dietary recall, and urinary BPA and particular phthalates were measured using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. After adjusting for covariates, beverage intake was positively associated with urinary BPA, and egg and egg product intake was negatively associated with urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) as well as mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). Odds ratio for high BPA level (≥90th percentile) in women with >100 g of beverage consumption was significantly higher than for those who consumed ≤100 g. These results suggest that, in Korean women of reproductive age, some foods such as beverages and egg may be associated with body burdens of BPA, MnBP, MEHHP and MEOHP.

Association Between Screen Time, Fast Foods, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents

“…Similarly, dependence behaviors, such as smartphone dependence and internet addiction, are associated with dysfunction of reward circuits, which can result in mental and behavior problems, including but not limited to maladjustment of pressure, reduced social response, and depression (58). In terms of molecular biology, firstly, FFs and SSBs account for a growing proportion of the diet in adolescents (48), and plastic packaging materials are used extensively could create exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalic acid ester (PAEs) (59,60), and exposure to BPA and PAEs is associated with adolescent depressive symptoms (61,62). Secondly, adolescents are the main consumers of SSBs that caused caffeine exposure (63); next, caffeine exposure is associated with depression (64)(65)(66).…”

Distribution and Dietary Predictors of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Shanghai, China

“…Epidemiological studies in the general population suggest that certain food groups, such as poultry, seafood, milk, dairy products, meat, eggs, and egg products have a close relationship with anelevated phthalate body burden in different countries [23,24,25,26]. However, other studies have shown contrasting evidence that egg and milk consumption is related to lower urinary phthalate metabolite levels [27,28]. Previous studies on the association between dietary intake and phthalate concentration among pregnant women have been performed in the US and Netherlands [28,29,30].…”

Concentration and Variability of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites, Bisphenol A, Triclosan, and Parabens in Korean Mother–Infant Pairs

“…This pattern is presumed to be because the Korean population has a unique exposure pattern compared with that in other countries, such as preferred diet, medicine, cosmetics, personal care product use, and regulatory policy [48]. For example, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (FDA) of Korea permits the use of EP as a preservative of food and cosmetic, despite the prohibition on the usage of parabens as a preservative in other countries [50,51]. In this study, the median concentrations of BPA and TCS in infants were also higher than the values reported in previous studies [8,10,11,13,15,18,20].…”