Associations between dietary patterns and hypertension among Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010)

Abstract

The objective of this study is to identify the dietary patterns associated with the risk of hypertensions among Korean adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2010). This study analyzes data from 11,883 subjects who participated in the health and nutrition survey, aging from 20 to 64 years. We performed factor analysis based on the weekly mean intake frequencies of 36 food groups to identify major dietary patterns. We identified three major dietary patterns in both sexes, namely "traditional", "western" and "dairy and carbohydrate" patterns. Participants in the highest quartile of western pattern scores had significantly higher blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than those in the lowest quartile. Although not statistically significant, a trend (P for trend = 0.0732) toward a positive association between the western dietary pattern and hypertension risk was observed after adjustments for age, sex, education, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. The dairy and carbohydrate pattern was inversely related with BMI and blood pressures and positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjusting the age, sex, education, income, BMI, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern showed inverse associations with hypertension prevalence (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.55-0.75; P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber, sodium, and antioxidant vitamins were significantly higher in the top quartile for the traditional pattern than in the lowest quartile for the traditional pattern (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber (P for trend < 0.0001), calcium (P for trend < 0.0001), retinol (P for trend = 0.0164), vitamin B1 (P for trend = 0.001), vitamin B2 (P for trend < 0.0001), niacin (P for trend = 0.0025), and vitamin C (P for trend < 0.0001) were significantly increased across quartiles for the dairy and carbohydrate pattern whereas sodium (P for trend < 0.0001) intake was decreased for this pattern. In conclusion, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern may be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension whereas the western pattern may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Korean adults.

Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns and Hypertension Likelihood: A Meta-Analysis

“…Our results were inconsistent with some previous studies [17,27], which reported the positive associations between red and processed meat and the risk of hypertension. There are several plausible explanations that may explain this null association.…”

Associations between dietary patterns and blood pressure in a sample of Australian adults

“…Dietary Pattern 1 in the current study, was characterised by energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and is similar to the Western dietary pattern described by other researchers [16,19]. While this pattern is also associated with higher sodium and higher energy, we did not observe any relationship with BP.…”

“…Other dietary patterns observed to be inversely associated with blood pressure include a 'vegetable dietary pattern' in Japanese women [14], a 'fruit and milk dietary pattern' in Chinese men [15], 'dairy and carbohydrate pattern' in Korean adults [16], a 'cosmopolitan dietary pattern' in Dutch adults [17], a 'vegetables and dairy pattern 'or 'ethnic foods and alcohol dietary pattern' in British adults [18], and a 'healthy dietary pattern' in adult American Indians [19]. In addition, several dietary patterns have also been identified to be positively associated with blood pressure, including a 'meat dietary pattern' in Chinese men [15], a 'traditional dietary pattern' in Korean [16] and Dutch adults [17], and a 'Western dietary pattern' in Korean adults [16] and adult American Indians [19]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of dietary patterns on BP in adults, which included 5014 participants, found that the DASH, Mediterranean and Nordic diets all significantly reduced both SBP and DBP [20].…”

Empirically derived dietary patterns: interpretability and construct validity according to different factor rotation methods

“…Nonetheless, the authors ensured methodological strictness by selecting two other cut-offs (≥ |0.20| and ≥ |0.25|) that are also commonly applied in dietary pattern studies 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,44,45,46,47,48,49 .…”