Associations between different udder health groups defined based on a combination of total and differential somatic cell count and the future udder health status of dairy cows

Schwarz, Dániel; Kleinhans, Sonja; Reimann, Gesine; Stückler, Peter; Reith, Franz; Ilves, Kaivo; Pedastsaar, K.; Liu, Yan; Zhang, Zhen; Lorenzana, Roberto; Barreal, María Luisa; Fouz, Ramiro

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105374

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, the low DSCC and high SCS situation described here can be linked to economic loss and mastitis prognosis. Studies showed that cows with high SCS and low DSCC produced the least milk and were more likely to be culled [ 20 , 39 , 40 ], which is attributable to the above-mentioned irreversible mammary tissue damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, DSCC increases more markedly in the early stage of major pathogen IMI (i.e., IMI caused by environmental streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and coliforms). For these reasons, along with SCC, DSCC has been proposed for predicting the udder health status of cows [ 40 ]. However, a limited number of studies discussed the effect of mastitis on the dynamics of DSCC, and in most studies, samplings were conducted monthly [ 22 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pathogen and severity-dependent immune responses in bovine mastitis: highlight the dynamics of differential somatic cell count

HUANG,

KAYANO,

KUSABA

2024

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Immune responses in bovine clinical mastitis (CM) probably differ depending on the causative pathogen and disease severity. The observational study aimed to investigate whether both factors are associated with the dynamics of immune indicators, including somatic cell score (SCS), white blood cell count (WBC), serum albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, and differential somatic cell count (DSCC). We collected blood and milk samples 0, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after CM occurred in 38 cows, and grouped the cases (n=49) by disease severity and pathogen. We analyzed data using a linear mixed model considering the effects of pathogens and severity, calculated estimated-marginal means for indicators at each time point, and compared the means between groups. The dynamics of WBC varied depending on both pathogen and severity. WBC changed drastically in either severe or coliform-caused CM, slightly elevated in streptococcal mastitis, but unchanged in staphylococcal mastitis. This possibly relates to the deficiency in innate immune response toward staphylococci. The A/G ratio also changed depending on severity, as it dropped sharply only in severe CM. We observed a non-linear relationship between DSCC and SCS, possibly due to mammary epithelial cells shedding in milk when CM occurred. When cows recovering from Streptococcus dysgalatiae mastitis, DSCC decreased while SCS remained high, suggesting a healing process requiring more macrophages. Our results demonstrate that both the severity and pathogen are associated with immune responses in CM, providing insights into mastitis pathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Pathogen and severity-dependent immune responses in bovine mastitis: highlight the dynamics of differential somatic cell count

HUANG,

KAYANO,

KUSABA

2024

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis is crucial for therapeutic decisions and for now, SCC is still broadly used as a proxy for subclinical mastitis [15]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the appropriate threshold for subclinical mastitis or intramammary infection diagnosis from the perspective of both milk microbiota and…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Two Somatic Cell Count Cutoff Values for Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Detection Based on Milk Microbiota and Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Transcriptome Profile

Zhang

Tang

et al. 2022

Animals

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Somatic cell count (SCC) is an important indicator of the health state of bovine udders. However, the exact cut-off value used for differentiating the cows with healthy quarters from the cows with subclinical mastitis remains controversial. Here, we collected composite milk (milk from four udder quarters) and peripheral blood samples from individual cows in two different dairy farms and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with RNA-seq to explore the differences in the milk microbial composition and transcriptome of cows with three different SCC levels (LSCC: <100,000 cells/mL, MSCC: 100,000–200,000 cells/mL, HSCC: >200,000 cells/mL). Results showed that the milk microbial profiles and gene expression profiles of samples derived from cows in the MSCC group were indeed relatively easily discriminated from those from cows in the LSCC group. Discriminative analysis also uncovered some differentially abundant microbiota at the genus level, such as Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, which were more abundant in milk samples from cows with SCC below 100,000 cells/mL. As for the transcriptome profiling, 79 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to have the same direction of regulation in two sites, and functional analyses also showed that biological processes involved in inflammatory responses were more active in MSCC and HSCC cows. Overall, these results showed a similarity between the milk microbiota and gene expression profiles of MSCC and HSCC cows, which presented further evidence that 100,000 cells/ml is a more optimal cut-off value than 200,000 cells/mL for intramammary infection detection at the cow level.

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“…Thus, it seems advisable to interpret cell count deviations based on cow-specific data, e.g., to compare DCC results of previous DHI tests of the same individual to detect cow-specific changes. Schwarz et al [ 20 ] used the DHI results for the SCC and their newly implemented DCC to determine the udder health status of each cow and—based on that status—predicted its future state of health and whether this cow would be leaving the herd before the next DHI sampling day [ 44 ]. With this approach, the combined power of the SCC and DCC can compensate for the deficiencies of the individual parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using High-Resolution Differential Cell Counts (HRDCCs) in Bovine Milk and Blood to Monitor the Immune Status over the Entire Lactation Period

Farschtschi

Hildebrandt

Mattes

et al. 2022

Animals

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Differential cell counts in milk offer a deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and might even provide information about the systemic health status of a dairy cow. Consequently, their potential as a diagnostic method to identify biomarkers has been a subject of research for quite some time. The objective of our study was to closely monitor the immune status of eight healthy dairy cows throughout their whole lactation. For this, high-resolution differential cell counts in milk and blood were determined by means of flow cytometry, which included 10 subpopulations of the 3 main populations of immune cells and their viability. Milk and blood samples were taken twice a week in the first 100 days after calving and once a week during the remaining lactation period: in total, 55 (52–57) blood and 55 (52–57) milk samples per animal. In addition, six well-established routine laboratory biomarkers, i.e., haptoglobin, calcium, and different metabolic parameters (non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid, bilirubin, and glutamate dehydrogenase), were analyzed in all blood samples. Furthermore, a standard differential blood cell count was performed on all blood samples. We found substantial differences between cell count progressions in the blood and milk. The distribution of cell populations in the blood remained mostly stable throughout the lactation, albeit at different individual levels. Several cell populations in the milk showed a noticeable dynamic over time, which caused a separation of different lactation stages in clustering analyses. Gamma delta T cells and CD4+ T cells in the milk stood out as they showed characteristic fluctuations during the course of lactation as well as minor changes in the case of inflammation. The determination of a differential cell count has the potential to be a sensitive diagnostic and prognostic tool in bovine milk. Further studies need to show to what extent the method is suitable for routine diagnostics and how to deal with animal-specific differences.

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Associations between different udder health groups defined based on a combination of total and differential somatic cell count and the future udder health status of dairy cows

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Pathogen and severity-dependent immune responses in bovine mastitis: highlight the dynamics of differential somatic cell count

Pathogen and severity-dependent immune responses in bovine mastitis: highlight the dynamics of differential somatic cell count

Testing Two Somatic Cell Count Cutoff Values for Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Detection Based on Milk Microbiota and Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Transcriptome Profile

Using High-Resolution Differential Cell Counts (HRDCCs) in Bovine Milk and Blood to Monitor the Immune Status over the Entire Lactation Period

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