Astaxanthin Production from Microalgae

Butler, Thomas O.; Golan, Yonatan

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0169-2_6

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…It is common to reach yields of 38–40 g/kg (3.8–4%) of dried algae, and its scale at an industrial level is possible due to the high reproduction rate of this microalga [ 78 , 79 ]. The amount of AS found in cells corresponds to 85–95% of the total CA content; thus, it is relatively easy to purify it from the remaining CA [ 108 ]. Other species such as C. zofingiensis have also been studied, but the content of AS found was 50% AS of total CA, being the other main CA canthaxanthin and adonixanthin [ 109 ].…”

Section: Main Xanthophylls Present In Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This compound is known as one of the most potent antioxidants; its capacity is due to the large amount of conjugated double bonds (thirteen). Different studies confirm that its antioxidant capacity is 65 times more potent than that produced by ascorbic acid; 10 times stronger than β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin; and 100 times more effective than α-tocopherol, all of which are antioxidants used routinely [ 108 ]. For this reason, various products containing AS are already available on the market in various forms including oils, tablets, capsules, syrups, soft, creams, biomass, or ground [ 107 ].…”

Section: Main Xanthophylls Present In Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids

et al. 2021

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Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.

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Section: Main Xanthophylls Present In Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Main Xanthophylls Present In Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids

et al. 2021

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“…Haematococcus pluvialis is the most widely used natural source for the industrial production of this pigment with yields of up to 3.8% DW [32,33,73]. It is relatively easy to purify ASX from microalgae because it represents 90% of the total carotenoid content [74]. For all these reasons, various products containing ASX are already available on the international market in diver forms such as soft, oils, syrups, creams, capsules with a market value of USD 1.0 billion in 2019 [16].…”

Section: Astaxanthin (Asx)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development

Smaoui

Barkallah

Hlima

et al. 2021

Foods

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In the last 20 years, xanthophylls from microalgae have gained increased scientific and industrial interests. This review highlights the essential issues that concern this class of high value compounds. Firstly, their chemical diversity as the producer microorganisms was detailed. Then, the use of conventional and innovative extraction techniques was discussed. Upgraded knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of the main xanthophylls produced by photosynthetic microorganisms was reviewed in depth, providing new insightful ideas, clarifying the function of these active biomolecules. In addition, the recent advances in encapsulation techniques of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, such as spray and freeze drying, gelation, emulsification and coacervation were updated. Providing information about these topics and their applications and advances could be a help to students and young researchers who are interested in chemical and metabolic engineering, chemistry and natural products communities to approach the complex thematic of xanthophylls.

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“…H. pluvialis is an unicellular freshwater biflagellate green microalga that belongs to the class Chlorophyceae , order Volvocales , and family Haematococcaseae [ 3 ]. The life-cycle of H. pluvialis consists of two phases: the first is known as the “green vegetative phase”, while the second is referred to as “red non-motile encysted phase” and occurs under stress conditions [ 4 , 5 ]. During the life-cycle of H. pluvialis cells, ultra-structural shifts occur in the switch from the green to the red phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the “green phase” up to 1% of lutein and around 20–25% of fatty acids on dry biomass weight (DBW) can accumulate, while in the “red phase” around 1–5% of astaxanthin and 32–37% of lipids on DBW [ 3 , 6 ] can accumulate. Under high stress conditions, 5% of astaxanthin on DBW [ 7 ] can be reached and the red phase of astaxanthin can lead to up to 7.72% DW (dry weight) under the supply of 5% of CO 2 [ 5 , 8 ]. High value-added compounds like astaxanthin, lutein and beta-carotene, and fatty acids offer several health benefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Strategy for Nutraceuticals from Haematoccus pluvialis: From Cultivation to Extraction

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to develop an effective integrated cultivation system for Haematococcus pluvialis as a source of bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin, lutein, proteins, and fatty acids (FAs). The Chlorophyta H. pluvialis was cultivated in a vertical bubble column photobioreactor (VBC-PBR) under batch mode, allowing switching from green to red phase for astaxanthin induction. The combined effect of light intensity and nutrients on bioactive compound formation was investigated. Results showed that growth under lower nutrients availability and light intensity led to a higher concentration of biomass. Growth under high light intensity with an appropriate concentration of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and magnesium led to ~85% and ~58% higher production of total carotenoids and fatty acids, respectively. Under high stress conditions, ~90% nitrate and phosphate consumption were observed.

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Astaxanthin Production from Microalgae

Cited by 22 publications

References 233 publications

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids

Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development

An Integrated Strategy for Nutraceuticals from Haematoccus pluvialis: From Cultivation to Extraction

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